Objectives of sustainable development

Objectives of sustainable development Introduction The UK construction industry has undergone an unprecedented change in construction technology. Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) have been invented and are increasingly being used. With regard to residential apartment blocks, up to the 1980s greater emphasis was being placed on economy of construction rather than sustainability and lifestyles. Since 1980s, factors such as (i) the speed of construction (ii) sustainability (ii) flexible use of space. The need for rapid construction has led to more use of off-site prefabrication to reduce time spent on site and increase cost-effectiveness. The advancement of construction technology has also benefited from Government policies particularly relating to sustainable development. Perhaps one of the most significant initiatives of the UK Government to encourage sustainable construction was the setting op of the â€Å"Construction Task Force† by the Deputy Prime Minister Mr John Prescott. The task force, which comprised Sir Michael Lathum and Sir John Egan, produced a report ‘Rethinking construction (Egan, 1998). This report became influential in making Government policy. Sir John Egan argued that the use of standardization, prefabrication and innovation would improve the sustainability of the construction industry in the UK. Egan also compared construction to a manufacturing process where improvements are always sustained. The report recommended the use of prefabrication and standardization in building work as a method of achieving value of money, better value for clients and other users. Such an approach is now favoured by most people in the building industry, especially in house building. The use of modern methods of construction allows homes to be built more quickly and efficiently. Modern methods also improve site safety and supplement skilled workmanship where there may be shortages. Nevertheless, modern methods of construction have some disadvantages compared to traditional methods in that construction costs are relatively higher and also some section the public may object to futuristic building designs that go against what they are used to. Developers using MMC may need to be accredited to certain regulating authorities (such as NHBC in the UK) to ensure high quality and durability of their materials. Prefabrication Review-History of MMC Prefabrication was used in UK during periods of high dement, as after the world wars and the slum clearances in 1960s. The technical success of many of these systems was shadowed by social failing of high-rise living. In the 20th century about a million prefabricated houses were build. Most technical problems which were experienced were related to materials and poor workmanship. Prefabricated systems have been used in many public building in UK and other European Countries. The UK parliamentary office of Science and Technology studies showed (MORI poll, 2001) negative attitudes pre-fabrication were result of a big published disaster problem in the 60s. In mid of 1990s interest of UK was significant based system (e.g. roof trusses, steel frames etc) but the complete system of housing development was little, using relatively unskilled labour has been the predominant of UK house building. Off-site Review Government reports suggest that modern methods of construction (MMC) could be part of the solution to improve the quality of housing (Baker 2003). The industry has been slow to develop innovative building technologies, according to Ball and Barrow (1999). Many studies of modern methods of construction have taken the approach of promoting off-site applications without considering all the issues (Roy et al. 2003). The off-site processes help reduce the project construction time. Bakers review 2003 In 2003 the UK Government appointed Sir Martin Baker to review and report on the economic and social impacts of home building. The review examined affordability of homes in the UK. The Government is encouraging modern methods of construction (MMC) and increased supply of homes. One of Bakers highlights (2003) is that it challenges the home building industry to change construction to satisfy housing needs. Planning new levels of housing stock been based on demographic trends (Baker 2004). Benefits of MMC involve the manufacture of homes in factories, which is the faster construction. Evidence-Audits report The Commission for Architecture and Build Environment (CABE) has been investigate for the scope for building more quickly using modern methods of construction (MMC). The objective criteria of the audits, they are open to criticism them also some in house building industry criticized which schemes are determined ‘good or ‘average. In 2005 the modern methods of cost might be higher, it was report and it was possible to: Reduce the construction of houses on-site To build home up to four times with the same amount of on-site labour The performance should be also good as for home build in traditional way. During the twentieth century The new building in the UK (1996) were smaller 13% than the existing stock compared to the European countries houses that were largest that order ones. The size of a new home it was roughly 15.m2, the smallest in the Western Europe and the other European countries tend to be 20 m2 and 30 m2. In the 1981-2001 a particular in new buildings is roughly 20% smaller than the typical pre-1919 home. A combination of social in 1950s, economical and political factors renewed to construct housing system (Boverker,2004). Modern Methods of construction-Embodied carbon The most serious threat to human society that has created itself is climate change. In the 1750s the global atmospheric concentrations of greenhouses gases, carbon dioxide (CO2). The building construction is a substantial contributor of global CO2. Global emissions attributable to energy use in buildings with quarter of total CO2. An important goal for the Government climate police is the reducing of energy and carbon emissions attributed to buildings. In housing construction standard embodied energy is equivalent to a few years of energy; there are some exceptions to low energy buildings. Embodied carbon is important for low energy buildings, because less energy is used in occupation, and additional energy required for the insulation level, energy consumed in the construction materials, transport and installation. However the embodied carbon of low energy house is to contribute a better proportion of lifecycle carbon emissions during the building lifetime than a convention house. Many of the benefits of Modern methods of construction for housing are contentious and unproven. The manufacture suggest of the Government of MMC are: Environment- houses can be more energy efficient, less transport of materials and produce less waste. Social- fewer accidents and less impact during construction. Economic- MMC can be build more quickly. Overview of MMC-Types Modern methods of construction its a term to saw a number of construction methods. In the UK, the methods that being introduced in the building industry significant from so-called construction methods such as brick and block. The MMC was debated in the industry and was no universally agreed definition. The housing corporation that is used for its own purposes in 2003 is a published construction classification system (table 1). Housing corporation construction 1. Off-site manufactured -Volumetric 2. Off-site manufactured -Panelized 3. Off-site manufactured-Hybrid 4. Off-site manufactured -Sub-assemblies and components 5. Non Off-site manufactured construction Other terms of describing the MMC, is the factory building assembled, industrialized construction, innovative systems constructed on-site and pre-fabrication construction. The sectors of the modern methods of construction have five categories used by the housing corporation: off-site manufactured volumetric, three dimensions units produced in the factory, fully fitted out before being transported in the site. The majority of off-site manufactured volumetric construction in the UK to date has been used in housing. Modules may be delivered to site in variety of forms; volumetric off-site brings all the critical activities to the structure to a factory based environment which ensures better quality control. Light steel frame off-site techniques are more used to the traditional construction methods and are used in all sectors of constructions industry. Light steel offers better quality control and reduction in waste. Off-site manufactured-panellised construction is flat panel units build in factory, fully fitted out before being transported to site, panellised systems such as walls, roofs, floors and it consists two types of panels, open panels when assembled forms a skeleton structure and are usually timber or frame and closed panels may include internal lining materials. Off-site manufactured-hybrid is the combination of panellised and volumetric systems, is used to create the skeleton of the structure and volumetric units are used for the bathrooms and the kitchens. The environmental impact of MMC products sector were assessed including timber frame, timber frame with straw bale. A hybrid construction is a panellised system and is good design for economy. There are many manufactured of panellished systems and volumetric. Precast concrete is a construction material where concrete is cast mold which is the cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into pl ace. Barriers of MMC Some MMC homes builders are less expensive that the traditional methods of construction, increased cost about 7-10%. The reasons of different cost (higher) are difficult to discern because most of projects traditional masonry buildings cost widely. The cost apper high because in the MMC, there are different used of benefits such as better quality of construction, fewer accidents and reflect in project account MMC is the faster construction buildup to 50% and thus reducing labour costs. Capacity is a barrier of increasing the number of houses using MMC. In the two categories difficulties fall: factory capacity to manufacture parts and shortage of skills. Historical overview of sustainable development A great number of civilizations in human history it had been recognized the need of harmony between the society, the environment and the economy. More to the point, sustainable development is a very old idea that focuses, on improving the quality of life without exceeding the environmental supplies of natural resources. Unfortunately despite the predictions, the concept of sustainability gained momentum in 1980s when the problem became extremely obvious (Kenny, M., Meadowcroft, J., (1999). In 1973 was the first time that United Nations discussed about environmental solutions in Stockholm (Langton, C., A., Ding, G., K., C., (2001). Subsequently, the ideas discussed again in the World Conservation Strategy and new strategies were adopted by the governments of fifty countries but with very small practical impact. In 1983 the United Nations created the Worlds Commission in Environment and Development (WCED) and in 1987 they published a report in sustainable development with the name â€Å"Our common future† also known as the Brundtland Report (Langton, C., A., Ding, G., K., C., (2001). According to Langton, C., A., Ding, G., K., C., (2001) this report had critically signaled the rush of thinking for a second time the ways of governing and living as also the need of international coordination and cooperation. In 1992 in Rio Conference was the first time that the worlds leaders discussed about the future of the planet and agreed to set out principles to achieve sustainable development. The major agreement of this meeting was a 900 page program of actions with steps towards sustainable development at international levels. In 1997 the Kyoto climate summit set targets for the industrial countries in order to bring their gas emissions 5% below 1990 levels by 2012. Pioneering ways must be found to ensure that individual behavior and institutional structures will change targets, towards a sustainable future and will understand the consequences of inaction. Sustainable concept To begin with, it can be critically mentioned that the sustainable development should take into consideration the potential impacts on three main sectors, the environmental, the social and the economic; as it has been advised from Munasinghe (1993). Essentially, he advocated that, the natural habitats, the people, and the economy are interrelated and should be managed as a one. Therefore, the environmental approach it can be claimed that is so to protect the biological features, the social concept is to stabilize the cultural system and the economic approach are to maximize the income and preserve the stock of resources (Munasinghe, 1993).Ultimately, it would be imperative to append that some more important concepts in sustainable development are the futurity the equity and the irreversibility. Table 3 provides further details as per those important concepts. Further Important Concepts: Futurity: concern is given not only for the short term horizon, but also for the long term that affect the future generations. Equity: Emphasis is given to the least advantaged in society in order to provide their needs and a fair treatment. Irreversibility: Some types of environmental degradation are not possible to be restored by human ingenuity. Source: Based on Strange, T., Bayley, A., (2008) Objectives of sustainable development Taking into consideration all of the above, hence explicit information that academic definitions are providing; the reviewed literature suggests that numerous previous empirical studies have been conducted based on main advantages supported as a result of the sustainable developments up to date. Economy: Sustainable development is so to promote an economy that improves environmental quality and meet peoples needs. Energy: Reduction of energy use to suitable levels and encouragement of the consumers to spend less energy. Land use: The main concern is to minimize the loss of rural land and to maintain the viability of town centers Forestry: The main issue is the management of forests in a way that sustains their ecological qualities and their productive potentials. Climate change: The key objective is the limitation of gas emissions that contribute to climate change and global warming. Air quality: Key issues: reduction of pollutant emissions in order to improve local air quality and chemical pollution control especially in urban areas. Mineral extraction: The main objective is the minimization of the environmental harm from mineral extraction by the efficient use of materials. Waste materials: Sustainable Waste management can decrease the amount of waste production. The hierarchy of waste management options start with the reduction of waste materials, it then goes to the re-use and finally to disposal. Raw materials The raw materials inputs change depending upon the systems of MMC being factored. Common raw materials including metal, board materials, timber, concrete, class wool insulation. Off-cuts of these materials typically end up as waste within the factory environment. Timber is a raw and recycled material, timber panel products are usually kept separate from the clean timber as they are currently different to recycle. Steel is readily recycled material, due to its value established recycling routes. Also glass wool insulation is potentially recyclable Raw materials are often packaged and it is this packaging that ends up as waste. Packaging wastes have various waste management routes depending on the individual manufacturer. Modern methods of construction are about better product and processes. They aim improve business efficiency, quality environmental performance, sustainability and the predictability. MMC are more broadly based that a particular focus on product MMC should make it possible to build more with the same amount of on-site labor.MMC other than open panel techniques continue to be slightly more expensive than more established techniques but the cost ranges for different techniques overlap substantially, in any particular set of conditions in MMC could be as cost-effective as brick and block or more cost effective. Sustainable development definition One of the most popular definitions for sustainable development was given in Brundtland report (1995): â€Å"Sustainable is the development that meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (Kirby, J, OKeefe, P., Timberlake L., 1995). This definition indicates that an activity can be considered sustainable if it doesnt exhaust the natural resources and doesnt have serious impacts to the environment that the future generations will inherit. For instance, if the ozone layer is destroyed, if the green-house gases build up, if the natural resources are exhausted and if water and air are polluted, it is reasonably obvious that this generation dont give the ability to the next one to support their selves. Sustainable development can be considered as: A theoretical framework: a method that will make the world more balanced and holistic. A process: techniques to apply the principles of integration to all decision. A target: methods of fixing the problems Sustainable construction Sustainable construction focuses on the issues of procurement, assembly and Procurement: The processes of procurement introduce the objectives that the contractors must have during the construction. These objectives may include environmental commissioning. It consist matters like site planning, tendering, selection of materials, recycling and waste minimization (Smith, P., F., (2007). standards and reporting requirements. Assembly: The assembly activities are managed by the contractors in order to contribute to the ecological performance. It consist issues as the excavation methods, the reduction of noise, the disposal of wastes and storm-water containment. Commissioning: It gives information of how the design will operate in the future. It should relate performance specifications and maintenance methods. In order the environmental performance of the construction to be improved, the site operatives and the supervisors should have a proper training (Smith, P., F., (2007).

Problems on Fraternity Membership

The Problem and Its Background Introduction Fraternity nowadays is very popular in Universities, Colleges, and Communities. Some of them have their own experience in a Fraternity. In a Certain University here in Philippines there are some Known Fraternity such as Tau Gamma Phi, Alpha Phi Omega, Alpha Kappa Rho etc. ut this Fraternities are much known by the Students than the Administrators of the Schools. There are different types of discrimination. Black people in America experienced it as well as Asians, Cubans, Mexicans and other non-American living there. It is commonly called racial discrimination. People with physical deformities suffer the so-called physical discrimination. People who belong to the third sex are also victims of such cruelty. Now, new sets of victims have risen. They are the students who member of fraternities and sororities.Discrimination of fraternities and sororities arise because other people think that these fraternities and sororities only cause troubles, which the members do not agree with. Those students who join the fraternities or sororities are not merely looking for trouble but there are deeper reasons, like to have a group they can call their own, to experience good camaraderie, brotherhood and sisterhood and to have lots of friends. These are a fact that others do not see, that is why they jump into conclusion that fraternities and sororities cause trouble so they deserve to be discriminated.We all know that discrimination has many effects on the life of an individual. This study the researcher is out for the truth. This researchers carries the purpose of finding out the effects of fraternity and sorority discrimination. Statement of the problem This study will seek answers to the following questions. 1. Why do college students who are involved in fraternity or sorority discriminated in school? 2. What are the main reasons why they joined fraternity or sorority? 3. What are the advantages in joining fraternity or sorority? 4 . What are the disadvantages in joining fraternity or sorority? Objectives of the studyGeneral Objective: The main objective of the study to determine the problems encountered by the membership in fraternities. Specifically, this study aims: 1. To find out why to join Fraternity 2. To be aware about the Problems such Organizations undergo 3. To identify the nature of brotherhood and sisterhood as Fraternities and sororities 4. To have a knowledge about the Basic 5. To know the advantages and disadvantages of Fraternity Significance of the study This study signifies that.. ~ Expose the discrimination experienced by the students who are involved in fraternities and sororities in school. Correct the misconception people have regarding these fraternities or sororities. ~ Inform students about the positive and negative effects of joining the fraternity or sorority. ~ Give an overview why students want to join fraternity or sorority. Assumptions These are the reasons why students joined a fraternity and sorority, and there are fraternities and sorority members who are responsible and can perform well in school. There are fraternities and sororities who can help students develop their self-esteem and self-confidence. And there are fraternity and sorority who can give protection and support to its members.There are preventive measures that can be done when someone wants to join a fraternity or sorority. There are fraternity or sorority who conducts physical initiations rites. And there are possibilities that when a students joined a fraternity or sorority, his social life and attitude will change. Scope and delimitations This study will deal only problem faced by being a fraternity member on the life of a student in selected college/university. This will be done through interviewing 20 members and non-members of different fraternities or sororities in four different colleges/universities namely, St James College Of Q.C, University of Santo Tomas, Our Lady of Fatima Un iversity, and Centro Escolar University. Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter will discuss on the information that have significant bearing on the process and discussion of research.. According to the â€Å"Webster Dictionary Encyclopedia Edition. †, fraternity is an organization for social or other purposes of student in colleges who usually have the Greek letter names and secret rites, and represented by chapters in many Institutions. Fraternities were established with an avowed purpose of offering friendship, leadership, nspiration, guidance and services to the students and other people As well. College fraternities. Are far more ahead from their contemporary high school Fraternities, in some colleges, forming an organization or fraternity is legal, because of the fact that the members, whether students or alumni, the advantages of fraternal organizations are not only astounding but self evident. They believe that it helps maintain the high-qual ity attitude of the campus and strengthen the function of higher education in social mobility. But not all fraternities have the same outcome in other campus.According to the article of Alfred McClung, to non members, their disadvantages are overwhelming, and their presence on the campus is regarded as hurtful and hostile to the objective of higher education, they believe that fraternity members are war freaks, cause nothing but trouble in the school that they are in, in that same article, the point of school authorities, fraternities have served no good, they have been continual source of problems for disciplinary officers and administrations of the campus, Forming a fraternity is therefore prohibited. According to William S. Carlson, the liabilities of fraternities in student’s life are ery different in kind and severity from one campus to another, the most negative criticisms are directed toward those on the large, heterogeneous campuses, where there are the highest contra st in economic origin, social consciousness, social skills and competence. The lack of security in social relations is therefore the greatest concern to the student, parents and school administrators, however, banning fraternities as many schools now ban them has really forced this fraternities to go underground but there are still some fraternities, which are recognized by the school authorities and students but not ecognized by the school administrators, In an article entitled, â€Å"Psychological Needs of Adolescents,† it was stated that college students enter in a fraternity for brotherhood and for protection.Fraternity members voluntary joined hands in recognizing that true brotherhood emanates from love and respect for their fellowmen. According to Joseph Rhulman in his book â€Å"Personnel Principles in Chapter House† the reason behind why college students enter organizations such as fraternity, because of curiosity and peer pressure, in the youth sub-culture of almost all generations he peer group is more powerful influence than admonitions of parents and school authorities. There are ample data to show the ultimate erect of the college discrimination especially in regard to the earning trust of the students. In a typical university, the fraternity feels that it must make its entrance in style, being sure that it can compete with the long established group already present that is why they develop their own principles in recruiting new members.Nowadays, many college students are aware with the mindless and useless death due to hazing. This barbaric practice which defies all norms of civilized conduct has ecome institutionalized establishments of higher learning is beyond understanding. Some fraternity members say that it is intended to instill discipline among unruly freshman and newly recruits, but the countless deaths and injuries it has caused seemed to militate against this cruel practice. That is why, most non members get intimidate b y the way the members act. For instance, the fraternity riots that are breaking out. These non members are in fear that their lives might be in jeopardy. They suggest that the best way to do to have a clean –image-fraternity is to completely abolish hazing.In the article â€Å"Tougher Laws Alone Won’t Stop Hazing and Abuses,† says that there is no justification for mindless violence and risk to life. However, the better remedy is to meet the needs of college students by means of more professionally oriented organizations. To give young men in our colleges and universities enough challenges and interesting tasks as well as stimulating academic activities to keep their minds focused on these priorities rather than their socializations needs alone, Another way is to say that the socialization needs will be met by the overall challenge of school activities and the xpectations given to young people to develop themselves without need for fraternities. Loss of life is certainly a better option to prevent these students from joining these Fraternities.Chapter III Methodology The survey type of a detailed analysis of a group, was used in this study since this study concerns about the present conditions regarding students who are involved in a fraternity or sorority the analysis of this condition will lead to the understanding and possible solutions to the problems undertaken by the researchers Methods Used In order to obtain the data which are important in the course of study, a case study s an appropriate method used. Case study is a detailed analysis of a person or group Profile of the respondentsThere are 20 college students, ages 17-27 years of age, all Males, all singles serve as the Respondents and all of which were members of such Organizations or fraternities, among these respondents, 4 of which agreed to give such information about themselves which will be crucial in this research, Goy (not real name) a 18 year old college student from St James College of Quezon City, single and have been a member of a unsaid fraternity for two years now, â€Å"Nuno† (not real name) a 27 ear old alumni of Fatima College, single and have been a member of Tau Gamma Phi fraternity for nine years and still active and helping the growth of his fraternity, another one is â€Å"olsen† (not real name) a 19 year old student from University of Santo Tomas, single and also a member of Tau Gamma Phi for 3 years now, and last is â€Å"Bok† also a 19 years old student of Centro Escolar University, single and have been a member of his fraternity for 3 years now. Data gathering Procedure Library- based research. The researchers obtain some information from the library and v visit some websites.Primary source of information such as books, articles and other publication are gathered. Secondary source of data were taken so that these materials will also provide information. Observation. The researchers have observed the respondents and studied the demographic profile of the subjects. Studying the location of the subjects will help fully understand the condition of the respondents since they came from various learning institutions. Interview. The researchers conduct queries in order to gather data. A structured questions are prepared . Survey. A questionnaire containing four (4) questions with multiple options re used . These questionnaires were administered to facilitate the validity of the data gathered. Instrumentation The researchers use questionnaire which has four questions with multiple options given to gather data for the study. Those questions are related to the problem statement. Sampling Techniques and Procedure Driven by the researchers need to gather information, the researchers choose lottery method in choosing the respondents for this research, In that case, the researchers will be able to better gather information without being biased in some information which he researchers consider important in this research, and also gather information without compromising the integrity of the data being shown. Q U E S T I O N N A I R E Dear Respondents, We, the students enrolled in Society and Culture of FEU-Fern College are working on the research entitled, â€Å"Problems Facing Fraternity Membership†. This is in partial fulfillment of the requirements in the said subject. Rest assured that whatever information will be gathered will be used for research purposes only and will be treated with utmost confidentiality. Thank you very much. Very truly yours, The Researchers ———————————————————————————————————– Name: ( optional)_______________________ Age:____________ Gender:_________ Course:__________School:__________ Direction. Pleas e read carefully each question. Each question has multiple options, you may have multiple answers. Kindly answer the questions honestly and completely. 1. What fraternity are you currently engaged? ?Alpha Phi Omega ?Tau Gamma Phi ?Beta Sigma ?Upsilon ?Alpha Kappa Rho ?Scout Royal Brotherhood ?FROKS ?Delta Sigma Phi ?Sigma Beta Phi ?Alpha Phi Beta ?Beta Lambda ?None . Is it authorized in your school? Yes ?No What/Who encourage you to join the fraternity? ?Political Machinery ?Security and protection ?Socialization ?To be popular ?To have a feeling of belonging ?Invited by Friends ?Help others ?Curiosity ?Peer Pressure ?For improvement ?Others ?No Organization What do you think are the advantages or disadvantages of joining Fraternity or Sorority? ?To be popular ?Have lots of friends ?Can do well in school ?Can get support during elections ?Practice my right to say yes or no ?Connection when you graduate ?Full of riots ?Death Chapter IV Analysis of Data 1. What fraternity are you curr ently engaged? Tau Gamma Phi ( 25% )Alpha Kappa Rho ( 20% ) Scout Royal Brotherhood ( 15% ) Delta Sigma Phi ( 15%) Alpha Phi Omega ( 10% ) Beta Sigma ( 5% ) None ( 10% ) Total: 100% 2 Is it authorized in your school? Yes ( 0%) No ( 100% ) Total: 100% 3. What/Who encourage you to join the fraternity Socialization (20%) Security and Protection (15%) Invited by friends (13%) Curiosity (12%) No organization (11%) Peer Pressure (9%) Help others (9%) To be Popular (8%) Others (3%) Total 100% 4. What do you think are the advantages or disadvantages of joining Fraternity? Connection when you graduate (20%)Have lots of friends (18%) Can do well in school (15%) To be popular (12. 5%) Full of riots (12. 5%) Death (12. 5%) Practice my right to say yes or no (9. 5%) Total 100% Chapter V Summary of Results and Findings. Most of the fraternity members do not feel the problems physically, emotionally and socially. Most of those fraternities are unauthorized in schools, they join fraternities to hav e a better social life, security and protection and gain more friends, all of them answered that fraternity members do not deserve this problems. Most of the respondents have the same reason that there is nothing wrong with being a raternity or sorority member. Recommendations This research is highly recommended to all students especially in college levels who are already aware of such existing organizations; the proponents’ put stress into this research to show the students what are the problems encountered by the members of fraternities. Conclusion The group concluded that Problems facing fraternity is inevitable. According to the data gathered and answered questionnaires it shows that students join fraternities primarily because of security However some students have their own reason why they do not join such organization.Bibliography â€Å"Fraternity,† Webster Comprehensive Dictionary Editions, vol. I p 502 Alfred McClung, â€Å"Fraternities Without Brotherhood,â €  (Boston Beacon Press, 1995)p. 445 Ibid (as no. 2) William S. Carlson, â€Å"Fraternities: Evil Force on the campus,† Saturday Review (September 10, 1985)pp. 59-61 Psychological needs of the adolescents,† The Philippine journal (dec. 18, 1996) p. 10 Joseph Rhulman, â€Å"personnel Principles in chapter house† (Washington American Hill Brother Company, Inc. 1988)pp 24-26 McClung, loc. Cit Carlson, loc. cit ———————– [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]

Malcom X Essay

Malcom X was a man who held many strong beliefs and posed numerous persuasive arguments. Many of these arguments are presented by Malcom X in his autobiography. The told events of his life provide the evidence for the arguments he makes. One of his contentions is that women are inferior to men. Malcom’s perception of women and his basis for this argument develop through out his life. His experiences with women provide efficient evidence for the argument he makes, but there are some counter-examples which contradict his argument. Malcom grew up watching his father beat his mother. As a young boy he lived in a society where women were considered less significant than men. When Malcom moved to Boston, he gained knowledge about women by the examples of his friends who used women as status symbols. His experiences with his own status symbol, Sophia, further lead him to believe that women were inferior to men. These conditions shaped Malcom’s views on women. It was through Malcom’s experiences with his family, his friends in Boston, and the women he knew that lead him to believe women were â€Å"nothing but another commodity (155).† Malcom did have models of proud and self-reliant women through out his life. However, these women did not seem to affect his overall opinion. Malcom’s father was often physically abusive to his mother. Malcom was subjected to witnessing his father’s actions. Malcom observes that a possible reason for his father’s violent outbursts was the fact that his mother â€Å"had a pretty good education (6).† His father would not tolerate being corrected by a woman which presented Malcom his first example of women’s inferiority to men. These violent outbreaks and his mother’s passive reactions taught Malcom that women could be treated in any harmful and shameful way without consequence. Moving to Boston exposed Malcom to a different culture. Boston’s urban setting clashed with the rural areas where Malcom was raised. The friends he made in Boston were hustlers who operated in a fast paced and manipulative world. They believed that being seen with a white woman was the ultimate establishment of reputation. Not only did Malcom witness the white women being used for status by his friends, he understood that â€Å"†¦those white women had no more respect for those Negroes†¦ (140).† He knew that the white women were using them for pleasure and escape from the security of their marriages. These experiences taught Malcom that women were to be regarded as nothing more than trophies. The lack of respect given to the women and the lack of which they gave provided evidence that women did not deserve to be appreciated. Malcom had his own white woman to parade around town to the clubs and bars, Sophia. Sophia succumbed to anything that Malcom demanded. She surrendered all of her money to him and would appear at his beck and call. Malcom would abuse her just â€Å"to keep her in line (156).† It became Malcom’s belief that â€Å"some women love to be exploited (156).† Malcom exploited the submissive Sophia because she allowed him to do so. Malcom was surrounded by meek and subservient women which lead him to believe women like to be treated in such a harsh manner. Malcom was acquainted with a few very highly regarded women. â€Å"The first really proud black woman† Malcom had known was his sister, Ella (39). Ella was a woman of great achievements. Malcom â€Å"had never been so impressed with anybody (39-40).† Another impressive woman who impacted Malcom’s life was the wife of his boss. She was educated and had business abilities which Malcom respected. Malcom regarded these women much differently than the others he knew like Sophia, however, his inferiority-of-women attitude was not changed by these decent women. The mistreatment and abuse of women that Malcom witnessed and acted out guided his beliefs about women and where they stood in society. Malcom’s perceptions of women and his argument about gender relations are clearly connected with his raising. His evidence of these views and arguments give good reason for him to accept them as true. His gender relations argument does not take into consideration the few, but highly upright, women that did take part in his life, though. The fact that he did experience relationships with women whom he did not consider inferior conflicts his argument.

Essay on The Use of Language in The Crucible - 3131 Words

The Use of Language in The Crucible The Crucible is the study in the mass hysteria which led to the 1692 Salem witchcraft trials, concentrating on the fate of some of the key figures caught up in the persecution. It powerfully depicts people and principles under pressure, and the issues and motivations involved. At the same time it is also clearly a parable for the events of the McCarthy era in the USA of the 1950s when anyone suspected of left wing views was arraigned for ‘ un American activities’ ‘The Crucible’ consists of many dramatic acts involving a lot of tension but Act III is significant to the whole play as it involves a lot of dramatic irony and anxiety. Act III is opened with a build up a tension from the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"They’ll be hanging’ my wife!† Giles reveals that his wife is to be hanged; this signals tension that a argument is about to come in between some of the characters Giles’s entrance creates elements of suspense and tension. We first see this when he breaks in roaring â€Å"I have evidence for the court†. His tone and straight to the point language suggests that he is desperate to save his wife despite the fact he is in a court room and his behaviour is not acceptable. The fact that he claims he has evidence builds up tension in the audience as to whether or not this can change the trial. Judge Harthone, a hard and unforgiving man then enters shouting at Giles for creating such a scene â€Å"Arrest him Excellency!† by Harthones commands we see his superiority. Danforth and Giles then have a disputed conversation where Giles gets pretty upset and he is â€Å"beginning to weep† as shown in the stage directions on page 69. Giles’s break down shows that he has broken down from anger to weeping from the desperation to save his wife from being hanged by speaking in her defence. â€Å"Your hearing lies, lies!† Giles’s use of language is very concise and shows that he is not wasting any time by showing respect to the court, this builds up a lot of tension as his behaviour is the opposite to Francis, Giles’s approach is very dramatic. The suspense lies within the audience to whether or not his behaviour will have any effect on his wife’s trial. Francis’s approach toShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible Compare And Contrast Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe Crucible is play by Arthur Miller, made in 1953 and it is about a fictional story of The Salem witch trials that occurred in the late 1600’s. The film, The Crucible, was made in 1996, directed by Nicholas Hytner, and was made to show Millers work on the big screen so it could appeal to the new generation. 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Miller uses imagery and figurative language when AbigailRead MoreEssay on Language in Arthur Millers The Crucible525 Words   |  3 PagesLanguage in Arthur Millers The Crucible One aspect of The Crucible that is really Important is the way that Arthur Miller writes, and the language that he has used. His style is rather simple, with simple sentence structure on the whole, and quite simple vocabulary, he wanted to keep everything simple in this way in The Crucible, to prevent focus being taken away from the plot and the problems that the characters were facing with each other. So Miller doesRead MoreIn the opening of the play, how does Miller seek to create an atmosphere of hysteria and tension? Do you find the opening effective?941 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿In the opening of the play, how does Miller seek to create an atmosphere of hysteria and tension? Do you find the opening effective? Premiering in 1953, Arthur Miller’s the crucible was a scathing attack on the Communist scare of the era in the guise of a dramatization of the witch hunts that took place in Salem in the 1960’s. Throughout the beginning the play follows how fear of death, The Devil and the unknown causes people to submit to madness and how the sense of guilt could cause themRead MoreFamily Crucible Family Systems Theory1249 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This paper will use the book The Family Crucible to demonstrate the authors’ family systems approach to therapy. Narrative theory is compared and contrasted with family systems theory, and is ultimately integrated into my own theoretical foundation for practice as a social worker. Family Systems Therapy In The Family Crucible, Augustus Napier and Carl Whitaker’s form of therapy was strongly influenced by family systems theory, a burgeoning theory of the time. General systems theoryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, Abigail