Saudi EFL Learners Awareness of World Englishes-(Second Language Essay

Saudi EFL Learners Awareness of World Englishes-(Second Language Varieties) - Essay Example The essential methods by which these streams and systems are built up and kept up is using a typical contact language. English, the most generally diffused contact language, is the essential semantic channel through which these streams take place†¦ English is subsequently a globalized wonder that is persistently being LOCALIZED during its incalculable communications. The way that globalization is a quick procedure recommends that youngsters should be capable in the English language to be equipped in their universal dealings (Doman, 2005). Because of the wide multiplication of learning English language, different societies have embraced the language and coordinated their own social flavor in it. World Englishes are types of the English language that non-local English speakers use with local English being American and/or British English. Individuals from a specific culture utilize English to suit their own correspondence styles. Thinking about the assortment of societies on the pl anet, there are presently more non-local English-speakers than local speakers (Jenkins, 2006; Canagarajah, 2007). This incorporates Saudi Arabian nationals. 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.3 The Field of World Englishes 'New Englishes' or 'World Englishes' is typically used to allude to the new assortments of English. Mesthrie and Bhatt (2008) express that it has gotten standard to utilize the plural structure 'Englishes' to push the assorted variety to be found in the language today, and to stretch that English no longer has one single base of power, glory and normativity. The creators explain that World Englishes speaks to all assortments aside from the L1 assortments of spots like the UK and USA (Mesthrie and Bhatt, 2008). Accrdoging to Hoffmann and Siebers (2009), what is frequently alluded to as the English language is in truth a heterogeneous and etymologically interesting gathering of first (L1), second (L2) and unknown dialect assortments. A progressively suitable spread term is a ccordingly World Englishes, which features the assorted variety and overall conveyance of these assortments (Hoffmann and Siebers (2009). Salikoko S. Mufwene alludes to the idea of environment, which is the idea obtained from science to give an away from into the arrangement of New Englishes. Focussing on the indigenization of English in North America, Mufwene claims that American English rose as an assortment unmistakable from British English tongues because of a cooperation of a few natural elements (fauna, verdure, and financial structures just as the talking propensities and open needs of a portion of its speakers). Hoffmann and Siebers (2009). Consequently; the particular vernacular of English that emerged in Northern America is an aftereffect of the all inclusive environmental instruments of language contact. Mesthrie and Bhatt underline that sociolinguists need to recognize that network perspectives and desires are significant. Kachru himself recognized that there are numerou s ambiguities, where language mentalities are concerned: The non-local speakers themselves have not had the option to acknowledge what might be named the 'biological legitimacy' of their nativised or neighborhood Englishes. One would have anticipated such acknowledgment, given the cultural assimilation and semantic nativisation of the new assortments. Then again, the non-local models of English (such

Service quality management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Administration quality administration - Research Paper Example Web based banking, for example furnish clients with an upgraded method of running money related procedures and the fast utilization of versatile installment diminish the requirements for conveying money. Be that as it may, a large portion of the occasions banks back office have a large number of workers that are taking care of client demands. This conventional method of executing client demands is exorbitant and moderate, lead to delays in dealing with customer’s necessities and it contains higher blunder rate. In our exploration, clearly the possibility for mechanizing the back office tasks is exists. By overhauling the IT-framework, banks will have the option to offer the equivalent money related types of assistance with littler operational divisions running worth including duties, for example, bargain beginning, advance solicitations, and any budgetary procedure that may require human contribution, for example, monetary audits. In this report, we will inspect and investigat e the procedures of offering money related types of assistance to clients in Dubai. XYZ bank is confronting a great deal of value issues in offering money related types of assistance to its clients. The procedure is setting aside long effort, for instance, once in a while the check procedure is deferred for 7 days, and the bank is enduring the significant expense of its back office. Administration Quality Role in Improving Quality of Services in the Banking Industry: A Case of XYZ Bank Recent years has seen gigantic changes in the business world which have introduced genuine difficulties to the exhibition of organizations. These progressions have been credited to various variables including expanding clients and shareholders’ desires, mechanical headways and expanded rivalry among different elements (Kotler and Keller, 2006, p. 23). The financial business is one of the enterprises that have been enormously affected by the adjustments in the business world and especially the i nnovative progressions. Administration quality is one of the zones that numerous banks have concentrated on with an end goal to increase upper hand over their adversaries. Administration quality is characterized as the total impact of administration exhibitions that are basic in deciding the level or level of fulfillment of a specific client of the administrations being offered or given (Harvey, 2008, p. 584). Quality is seen as what the client sees of a certain conveyed administration by a specific specialist organization. Administration quality would thus be able to be supposed to be the correlation that a client makes between his desires with the administration provider’s execution. Banks utilize the administration quality device to improve their employees’ efficiency and consumer loyalty (David, 2001, p. 86). This paper will examine the job that administration quality plays in improving nature of administrations in the financial business by taking a gander at an in stance of the XYZ bank. It will take a gander at the key issues of the bank, their results and how the bank is managing these issues. Administration quality is a basic determinant and essential of seriousness for making and supporting fulfilling connection between specialist co-op and the clients (Wang and Wang, 2006, p. 4). It is in this way a significant marker and proportion of consumer loyalty and association thusly needs to give more consideration to support quality that can lead an association to increase an enduring upper hand. Banks have uncontrollably utilized help quality as a device of assessing execution of their administration (Berry and Zeithami, 2009, p. 45). The coming of web has inconceivably

How to Tell if You Are an Adrenaline Junkie

How to Tell if You Are an Adrenaline Junkie Addiction Addictive Behaviors Print How to Tell If Youre an Adrenaline Junkie By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on February 08, 2020 Holly Wilmeth / Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Caffeine Internet Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Have you ever been called an adrenaline junkie? The term was first popularly used in the 1991 movie Point Break in reference to people who favor high-risk activities for the rush that accompanies them. Related to this phenomenon, many people seek out high-sensation experiences for the neurophysiological effects. When dependence on these experiences is created as a way of managing stressful situations, however, it might be time to seek treatment. What Is an Adrenaline Junkie? Physiological mechanisms underlying temperament lead people to seek what feels to them like just the right amount of stimulation in a given situation. This experience of just the right amount of stimulation or sensation is deeply interconnected with psychological mechanisms of motivation and varies across people with different personality traits. In fact, a 2016 study of parachute jumpers found that personality is the greatest predictor of whether a person is likely to undertake risky behavior.?? High anxiety sensation seeking may characterize the so-called adrenaline junkie. The Science Behind the Need for Stimulation Capacity for cognitive control is impaired or enhanced depending on whether a given task requires suppression of or attention to various motivational cues, according to a 2010 study.?? The neurobiology behind these processes is complicated and many brain areas are implicated. Activation of the stress response is thought to drive compulsive behavior through negative reinforcement mechanisms. Release of norepinephrine in the amygdala, the area of the brain activated during the stress response, may represent a key component of the transition to dependence, according to a 2009 study.?? Meanwhile, another study focused on the avoidance-type behaviors often found in PTSD. In this 2018 animal study, researchers found that stimulation of the amygdala leads to a decrease in avoidance behaviors.?? The term adrenaline junkie may have you thinking that the noradrenergic system alone is implicated in sensation-seeking behavior. A 2017 review explores how the neurotransmitters, dopamine and serotonin, also have a huge impact on the ability to regulate impulsivity and risk-taking.?? The review also examines how the systems which involve these neurotransmitters are dysregulated in people with substance use disorders. Meanwhile, a 2016 study of so-called adrenaline junkies such as rock climbers found that regular climbers experienced frequent and intense craving states and negative affect when they stopped climbing, similar to individuals with substance use disorders.?? Everyday Sensation-Seeking You don’t have to be a bank robber, skydiver, or another obvious type of danger-seeker to be hooked on the rush that comes from a little stress. In fact, you could be somewhat hooked on stimulation in your everyday life and not realize it. An unconscious need for stimulation may influence the way you manage your schedule, the people you spend time with, and even the way you approach a deadline. A 2010 study suggests that neurotic individuals may create drama and crises in their lives to trigger the body’s stress response and get the rush that comes with the excitement and attenuate their negative mood.?? Extroverted individuals may take risks to reinforce positive experiences. Addiction to stimulation is not currently classified as a disorder in the DSM, however, impulsivity risk-taking behavior is relevant to a number of mental health conditions that may warrant additional treatment, such as ADHD, PTSD, and substance use disorder. Behavioral addictions are also newly becoming recognized as valid psychiatric disorders, with pathological gambling earning a spot in the DSM-5, as explored by a 2015 journal article.?? Treating Compulsive Risk-Taking Behavior While leading an exciting life in and of itself isn’t a problem, unwittingly creating crises for yourself or becoming needlessly engulfed in stressful situations can take its toll. If you tend to create more drama in your life than is necessary, the benefit of becoming aware of it is twofold: You can begin to keep things exciting  but take the crisis edge off, paring down unnecessarily stressful activities and distinguishing the subtle difference between a true crisis and a somewhat overblown situation.You can practice relaxation techniques to reverse your body’s stress response when you find yourself overwhelmed so you don’t experience the full negative effects of chronic stress. Learn more about stress and stress management with these ongoing stress management resources, and take the quiz to find out if youre an adrenaline junkie.

Jane Doe Is A Junior At Riesel High School - 973 Words

Jane Doe is a junior at Riesel High School. She is very involved in a variety of high school activities including; FFA, athletics, cheerleading, and band. Jane and her younger brother have attended school in Riesel since kindergarten. Her father is a police officer in Waco and her mother is a hairdresser. She says her family is a middle class family when compared to others in the Riesel community. She said she was taught the importance of knowing the difference between needs and wants at a young age. Jane feels that quality her parents instilled in her will be beneficial for the rest of her life. Jane informed me that she ranked in the top of her class, and she always takes care of her academics before worrying about her extracurricular activities. Her peers said she is always caring, responsible, and a great leader. Jane completed the Humanmetrics Jung Typology Test, and her results were exactly what she expected. Her type was ESFJ and she scored 9% extravert, 19% sensing, 22% feeli ng, and 22% judging. It says that these type of people are generous entertainers, enjoy being in charge, delegate easily, and is willing to provide service. Jane revealed that she often gives her time to others and wears her emotions on her sleeves. She really enjoyed reading about the self-development and careers for people of her type. On the multiple intelligences test, Jane scored highest in interpersonal. Her next highest multiple intelligences scores were logical, kinesthetic, and

My Leadership Style - 3690 Words

Leaders set vision, strategies, goals, and values in order to guide for desired action and behavior. Leaders are characterized by certain traits which distinguish leaders from non-leaders includes Drive, desire to lead, honesty, cognitive ability, self-confidence and knowledge. Effective leaders must have two major qualities: knowledge and communication competence. Leader needs knowledge of issue and the ways of effectively leading a team. This knowledge will enable leader to identify alternatives available. He also needs to be an effective communicator as equally listener and speaker. Leaders should acquire qualities of flexible, openness, empathetic, courage, interactive, and positive attitude. (†¦show more content†¦But it was not easy for me because this was the first time when I was chosen for the leader of a team. I was so excited to show my leadership skills I got and I was not nervous at all despite this was the first time that I was going to lead a team because I ha d seen my cousin so many times to work as a team leader. She always used to tell me how to work in a team and how to lead in a team. She was an inspiration for me as a leader. The processes involved Next day I started my campaign outside the government hospital. I saw all the team members were on time. I knew that being a leader I had to take care that every team member was getting the things properly. I had to clear that my team member were getting every single thing and understood the things. Communication can be described as â€Å"CREATING UNDERSTANDING†. Communication is very important for a leader. The leader communicates effectively because effective communication decrease resistance, and encourage moving through the change more effectively and positively. The bottom line with all of this is if you screw up communicating with team members, even the smallest changes can result in ugly problems. (http://work911.com/articles/comchan.htm). Through words, actions, body language, voice tone, and other processes you send many messages about yourself, the changes, and your organization. This constitutes precisely one-half of the communication process. TheShow MoreRelatedMy Leadership Style Of Leadership1377 Words   |  6 PagesWhen this class started I had really never given much thought to my leadership style. What I have discovered is that I have the ability to be a good leader. As I completed the questionnaires and first review the results, I was somewhat surprised by what my strengths and weaknesses were and how I would be as a leader. Being at the end of this course, I can visualize myself as a leader now that I know I have good leader qualities. 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Just in Time Approach in Inventory Management Free Essays

2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd JUST IN TIME APPROACH IN INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Abdul Talib Bon (Corresponding author) Faculty of Technology Management, Business and Entrepreneurship Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia Tel: +60127665756 E-mail: talibon@gmail. com Anny Garai Faculty of Technology Management, Business and Entrepreneurship Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia Tel: +60137016298 E-mail: anniegarai_87@yahoo. com. We will write a custom essay sample on Just in Time Approach in Inventory Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now y Abstract Quality improvement and costs control are vital to organizations for work performance enhancement and fulfilling customers’ requirement. Inventories that are stored in large amount of quantities will result in waste and space usage. One effective solution is using Just in Time (JIT) concept as a method to reduce costs, improve quality and meet the ever-changing customer needs. The adoption of Just in Time (JIT) concepts seems to be the most effective way to overcome these circumstances. JIT is management philosophy that emphasizes on eliminating waste and increase productivity. The main purpose of this research is to find out whether the implementation of JIT would reduce the inventories at Electronics component industry especially at the parts producing stamping of FCM. This research is done by case study. Therefore the data collection would be using secondary data which is the documentation from FCM itself and also via observation. The data were analyzed by doing the comparison before and after the implementation of JIT using Microsoft words excel. From the analysis that had been done, the implementation of JIT had increased the inventories management at the stamping parts production. As the conclusion, the implementation of JIT in the inventory management at the parts production stamping at Electronics component industry had successfully reduce the inventories level while improving the inventory level. Keywords: Stamping Production, Just in Time, inventory management, electronics component industry. 1. Introduction Globalisation phenomena had created the business without boundaries. Most of the organisation nowadays only focuses in two main elements that can influence the global market, which is customer satisfaction and also the product and services quality. Organisation all around the world need to take the initiative to increase the product quality to satisfy the needs and customer demand that always change besides minimizing the production cost. This initiative is needed to keep the challenge at the market (Canel, et al. , 2000). One of the most effective solutions is with the application of Just in Time (JIT). Application of JIT could involve few important elements at organisation such as production level, marketing level, engineering level and purchasing level. The application of JIT more focuses on management process. Therefore, JIT can be applied at varying process. (Canel, et al. , 2000). JIT is the concept of management that invented specially to avoid waste. This is in order to minimize the waste and increase the productivity (Zhu and Meredith, 1995). JIT is one type of Lean Manufacturing (Yen, 2003). Lean manufacturing is the process to control the production which depends on the demand by the customers. It is also act to reduce waste. The application of Lean Manufacturing can reduce the stock, work space and the production of raw materials. This philosophy can maximize the production (Forza, 1996). At Malaysia context, application of JIT is not popular. According to Simpson, et al. , (1998), JIT had been applied by national automotive firm as a transitory JIT. Transitory of JIT is one of the ad hoc inventory models. This is can give half of the inventory in order to reduce the production 2562 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd cost beside can make the technology transfer at the international level. This research is made to study the application of Just in Time (JIT) in inventory management at stamping production at Electronics component industry. 1. Background of Study At FCM there is lot type of inventories and this requires a huge space to restore it. Therefore FCM need to prepare an enough space. How ever, this situation requires FCM to overcome the cost of restore. But this is not the really big issues to FCM. What really worries FCM management is the huge batch of inventories. The batch of inventories had caused FCM loss in profit because there is no moving out of the output to customer. Therefore the cases are also not only arises due to this problem. Besides that, in Japanese firm, the concept of keeping the inventory is a big waste in industry. Based on this problem, Heizer J. Render B. (2006), Just in Time (JIT) is the best strategy to increase the operation especially at the inventory management. However, if the raw material cannot be delivered during the production, there would be a big problem. 1. 2 Problem Statement This study is to elaborate the JIT application in inventory management at the stamping production at FCM. The problems that occur in this study are what is the importance of application of JIT in order to influence the inventory management at the stamping production at FCM? 1. Objective In this research, researcher has the stand to achieve the objective so that it could be archived. The objective is to study the application of Just in Time (JIT) in inventory management at Stamping Production at Electronics component industry. 1. 4 Scope Of Study The scope of study is focused at the stamping production at Electronics component industry. The main products of FCM are keyboard and relays. Respondents that invo lved are top management and the staff at stamping production of FCM. Data would be collected through qualitative method and be analysed quantitatively. From this study, the researcher hopes that can help Electronics component industry on the applications of JIT in their operation. The researcher hopes that with this study, it can help Electronics component industry and academician which is up to the upcoming researchers. 2. Literature Review JIT is not the new concept in production sector (Stevenson, 2001). It started during 1920 and being used by Henry Ford at the automation industrial. JIT is one of the Lean Manufacturing that had been introduced by Toyota Motor Corporation to increase the work quality and production. The application of JIT in Lean Production will give good return in production process. These philosophies would make the production even faster and to reduce the inventories stock. 2. 1 Lean Production and Lean Manufacturing Lean Manufacturing first introduced as systematic ways to reduce or terminate the waste. It is the management philosophy that require commitment from responsible person that relate with reduced waste, make the work procedure become smooth and optimize the production (Chase, et al. , 2001). Lean Manufacturing firstly introduced by the Toyota Motor Corporation. Which is involved the inventory management, quality control, industrial relationship, 2563 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd employee management and relationship between factory and the suppliers (Bowen and Youngdahl, 1998). JIT is one of the elements in Lean Manufacturing meanwhile Lean Production is known as Big JIT. It is the philosophy of management operation that act to terminate the waste in every aspect in production such as industrial relationship, vendor relationship, technology, raw material management and inventories (Chase, et al. 2001). Lean Production can use to reduce time, inventories, space, employees and production cost. 2. 2 Just In Time (JIT) Usually, JIT process being implemented in the organisation that reached the highest application of JIT. Wagner M. S and Silveira- Camargos V , 2009). This is because organisation and the supplier should have a good relationship and believe because when there is demand from factory, the suppliers can supply them on time. The first way to implement JIT is build a good relationship with the suppliers, customers and also sub-contractor to reduce inventory â€Å"buffer† to few hours. According to Canel, et al. , (2000), JIT aims is to reduce time waiting during production process. Therefore, the cost of inventories not only can be minimized but also the time for the production also shortens. JIT concept is not saying about the standardisation or the way of managing but it really focusing on the zero inventories 2. 3 Benefits of Application of Just In Time in Lean Production The application of JIT would give a lot of benefits such as to the producer to increase the quality to fulfil the customer demands and reduce the inventories and built a good relationship with the supplier (Salaheldin, 2005). Positive of JIT application can successfully give benefit to three communities, which is supplier only, purchased only or both. The benefits are, reducing in inventories and time waiting for the inventories, increase the quality and technical support, increase productivity, reduce waste and machine maintenance (Wafa, et al. , 1996). JIT actually help to reduce machine maintenance and at the same time, to make sure the suppliers can produce the inventories on time (Yasin, et al. , 2001). According to Yasin, et al. 2002), the big problem of JIT application is employer issues and the suppliers. Employer issue is about the objection of JIT concept, less supportive of JIT and less of employees. 3. Methodology This study is using action research that is descriptive and makes the research by quantitative. In this study, researcher would use observation and data collection from the result of the observation. 4. Data Analysis 4. 1 Introduction This chapter would discuss and analysis the data that had been collected from FCM. There are four different data that had been provided by the researcher according to the case. For the first case, the researcher would get the standard time during the raw material collected from the rack and the replace at the turn table using forklift. The second case is the machine die setup. Meanwhile the third case is standard time for winding process. The time is counted during the winding process and the material place at the stand before and after the winding process. For the last case, is during packing and deliver the part to the warehouse. This chapter also would discuss about type of test and analysis to the case to make sure that the data is valid and researcher can get a clear vision about the elements of Just in Time (JIT) being implemented by the FCM. 2564 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd 4. 2 Results of Study In this study, researcher would discuss the results that researcher gets from the study. All the data that had been collected by the researcher would be divided according to the case and according to the flow chart of stamping production refer to Figure 1. Figure 1 shows Standard Time (ST) and Cycle Time (CT) according to the cases that had been studied. ST = 10. 8 min CT = 10 times ST = 480 min ST = 5. 37 min ST = 17 min KES 1 KES 2 KES 3 KES 4 Raw Material Stamping Process Winding Packing Warehouse Figure 1: Stamping Flow Chart 4. 2. 1 Analysis of Case 1 This section would show the data collected from case 1 for the application before and after the part production stamping. In this case 1 (refer Figure 2) the standard time would be the counting from the raw materials from the racks to the turntable using forklift and then the return back of the forklift to the place. Refer from Figure 3 as shown the graphs for before and after the applications of JIT for case 1. ST/CT Raw Material Stamping Process Figure 2: Case 1 2565 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd Figure 3: Graph Before and After Application of JIT (Case 1) 4. 2. 2 Analysis of Case 2 For case 2, (refer Figure 4) is to reduce the standard time that is using for die setup. Figure 5 showed the graph before and after application of JIT. . ST Stamping Process Figure 4: Case 2 Winding 2566 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING d nd Figure 5: Graph Before and After Application of JIT (Case 2) 4. 2. 3 Analysis Case 3 For case 3, (refer Figure 6) is to reduce standard time for winding process. Figure 7show before and after application of JIT for Case 3. ST Winding Figure 6: Case 3 Packing 2567 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd Figure 7: Graph Before and After Application of JIT (Case 3) 4. 2. 4 Analysis Case 4 For case 4, (refer Figure 8) is to reduce standard time during packing and deliver to warehouse. Figure 9 show the application of JIT before and after. ST Packing Figure 8: Case 4 Warehouse 2568 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd Figure 9: Graph Before and After Application JIT (Case 4) 5. Conclusion The purpose of this study is to make sure the application of concept Just In Time (JIT) at Electronics component industry especially at the stamping production. This chapter would discuss about the results of the analysis according to the objective and problem statement. The discussion would focus in certain case at stamping production depend of the results that analyze from before and after the application of JIT. Besides that, this chapter also would discuss the suggestion. After the analysis, application JIT in inventory management at stamping production is depend on the activities below: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) Raw material always in enough quantities. Work in process always at the minimum quantities. Finished good would directly deliver to buyers. Wasting work in process seldom occur. Buffer stocks always at the minimum quantity. Delivering raw material depends on demand only. Space for inventories is small. Time table scheduling is made by the suppliers. Delivering materials is more often and only at small size. 2569 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd (x) (xi) (xii) Long term relationship is built between suppliers. Suppliers is advised to use the application of Just in Time (JIT) , and The employers should give the commitment on inventories and quality. Besides that, researcher has little suggestion to the upcoming interested researchers with the concept of Just in Time. The suggestions are: (i) this research only limited at one factory which is Electronics component industry. The next researcher should broaden their scope of study; (ii) Future study on the application of JIT concept especially in the purchasing and engineering level; and further study about the elements associated with JIT. References Bowen, D. E. Youngdahl, W. E. (1998). Lean Service: In Defence of A Production-Line Approach. International Journal of Service Industry Management. 9(3). 207-225. Canel, C. , et al. (2000). Just-in-time Is Not Just for Manufacturing: A Service Perspective. Industrial Management and Data System. 100(2). 51-60 Chase R. B. , et al. (2001). Operations Management for Competitive Advantage. th ed. N. Y. : McGraw-Hill. 394-417. Forza, C. (1996). Work Organization in Lean Production and Traditional Plants: What Are the differences?. International Journal of Operation and Production Management. 16(2). 42-62. Salaheldin, S. I. (2005). JIT Implementation in Egptian Manufacturing Firms: Some Emperical Evidence. International Journal of Operation and Production Manageme nt. 25(4). 354-370. Simpson, M. , et al. (1998). Case Study: Transitory JIT as Proton Cars, Distribution and Logistics Management. 28(2). 121-142. Malaysia. International Journal of Physical Stevenson, G. (2001). Just-in-time: The Reincarnation of Past Theory and Practice. Management Decision. 39(10). 866-879. Wafa, M. A. , et al. (1996). The Impact of Supplier Proximity on JIT Success: An Information Perspective. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management. 26(4). 23-34. Yasin, M. Y. , et al. (2001). Just-in-time Implementation in the Public Sector. International Journal of Operation and Production Management. 21(9). 1195-1204 Zhu, Z. Meredith, P. H. (1995). Defining Critical Elements in JIT Implementation: A Survey. Industrial Management and Data System. 95(8). 21-28. 2570 How to cite Just in Time Approach in Inventory Management, Essay examples

Petroleum Contracts and Economics

Question: Discuss about the Petroleum Contracts and Economics. Answer: Ghana is a fastest moving growing economy in Sub-Sahara Africa due to its rising gas and oil industry. The earning from the gas and oil industry depends on the type of fiscal regime government operates. The revenue earned from hydrocarbon exploitation largely depends on the fiscal regime characteristics of a country (Mofep.gov.gh 2016). The fiscal regime of petroleum refers to the contractual framework and fiscal instruments that explains the countrys wealth share obtained from the production of petroleum through a number of instruments, like, profit oil, royalties, bonuses, taxes and government participating interest. According to Elmas and Songur (2016), several factors are considered while designing the fiscal regime, out of which, the key factor is the development of the countrys petroleum industry. The countries with developed oil producers gives higher share to government through the fiscal regime compared to the countries where there are few discoveries and where there are sti ll few investments. Further, fiscal regimes are influenced by geological condition of the area and the contractual policy framework that governs the activities of petroleum industry. As opined by Loloh (2012), the strategies that can be chosen to frame the petroleum production policy framework are first as Go-it-alone strategy where the state itself produce through a national oil company, like in Saudi Arabia. Second, the state gives private ownership and the oil companies have full control over their operations, like in OECD countries.Third, a partnership between the state and private players to undertake production which is generally adopted by non-OECD oil producing countries, for example, Ghana government policy follows this option. The different types of world fiscal arrangements are discussed here. In case of go-it-alone strategy, the state undertakes all the risk of production and exploration. The entire profit is accrued to the state without any requirement of fiscal regime as there are no private companies. According to Mittnik and Semmler (2012), in case of total private control, the risk of production and exploration are bear by them and the state take can be through different mixture of income tax, lease sales and special petroleum tax and royalties through concessionary royalty or tax system. In case of partnership between the state and private players the degree of risk of development, production and exploration are shared by them through a Production Sharing Contract (PSC) or Risk Service Contract (RSC). IN PSC, the ownership is with the State and the private companies are contracted to develop and extract resource in return for a share of production. Each takes the share after meeting the cost. As opined by Owusu and Waylen (2012), in RSC, the private companies are given a fee for the service which can be either in monetary terms or in kinds by the government to undertake the operations of petroleum. The fee can be fixed or linked to the profit. Ghana oil and gas industry follows a partnership between the state and the private players and so the most appropriate type of fiscal regime will be Production Sharing Contract or Risk Service Contract. More appropriate will be PSC that will develop the contractual agreement in the upstream petroleum industry. According to Burger and Marinkov (2012), the Petroleum Exploration and Production Law explain the terms and condition of fiscal regime. The points that should be considered in fiscal regime are given below: The percentage of royalty on the total crude oil production should vary in different blocks and should not be fixed. The interest received by the State on the contract area should be fixed and not to be exceeded beyond 10% as the risk of exploration and production is totally borne by the private companies. If the State desires to earn additional interest then they need to take the responsibility of cost during the production and development stage which varies for different contracts. As per the opinion of Kankam and Ackah (2014), the petroleum income tax should be decided based on the contracts and need to be lower than the corporate profit tax rate. However, by default the Petroleum Income Tax Law sets it at 50%, which need to be modified according to the contracts. The government can be entitled to get additional payment if the returns on projects are more than expected. Government can put other taxes and fees like surface rental fees and withholding taxes on subcontractors. The rules for cost containment, cost recovery and deduction should be clearly mentioned in the fiscal regime and can be changed according to the changes in the cost structure. The petroleum agreement needs to provide some protection to the companies in case of changes in the tax regime so that they are stabilised in their operation. As the contractors make all the arrangement for raising funds for exploration and production, the State should provide some assistance in terms of subsidised interest rates. According to Bellorin (2012), the key features of a fiscal regime that is important to the investors and government are stability, progressivity, flexibility and neutrality. The oil price being highly volatile, the contractors need the stability clause of the regime to be properly designed by giving importance to freezing clause and equilibrium clause. The freezing clause removes arbitrary changes in fiscal regime and equilibrium clause helps to reduce the shock of price changes. Two sections of stability provisions of Ghanas Model Petroleum Agreement states that: Article 12.2 with respect to income tax states: Where a new income tax rate comes into force Contractor shall have the option of either applying the new income tax rate or remaining under the Petroleum Income Tax Law.Article 12.11 also states: Should the fiscal authority involved determine that the Petroleum Income Tax Law does not impose a creditable tax, the parties agree to negotiate in good faith with a view to establishing a credible tax on the precondition that no adverse effect should occur to the economic rights of the State (Ankamah, 2012). According to Amponsah and Dartey (2012), flexibility and neutrality of fiscal regime helps the contractors to gain confidence and continuing investment in the gas field. Risk sharing is another part that needs to be handling properly. The risk is at every level, production; exploration and price .The production level risk need to be shared by the government and private players to reduce the cost risk and by providing cost recovery allowances. Further, Makkam (2014), cited that Steps should be taken to state clearly the rules for transfer pricing. It plays an important role in managing risk from volatility of prices. Further, the Additional Oil Entitlement (AOE) should tie to profitability if it is to help to make the tax system progressive and ideal The government of Ghana revenue from petroleum sector is shown in the statistics below for the period 2011 to 2013 budget Taxes 2011 2012 2013 Consumer taxes -- -- -- Petroleum tax 146 181 218.50 Producer taxes -- -- -- Oil royalties 63.4 90.6 92.1 Surface rentals -- 0.3 0.3 Income tax -- -- 35.8 Government of Ghana carried and participatory interest 165.8 234.5 238.5 Table 1: Government revenue from Petroleum sector, 2011-13 (Source: Mofep.gov.gh 2016) The table 1 shows the revenue generated by the petroleum sector for the government in 2011-13. It has increased over the period with prudent fiscal regime. However, the corporate profit level should be also taken care off in the development of future fiscal regime and some flexibility in the tax structure should be implemented. The paper thus discusses the formation of the future fiscal regime that maximises the revenue of the corporate and the government uniformly. References Amponsah-Tawiah, K. and Dartey-Baah, K. (2012). Towards an Accident Free Energy Regime in Ghana. IBR, 5(11). Ankamah, S. (2012). The Politics of Fiscal Decentralization in Ghana: An Overview of the Fundamentals. PAR, 1(1). Bellorin Nunez, C. (2012). Colombia's regulatory and fiscal hydrocarbons regime: explaining Colombia's success and the challenges ahead. The Journal of World Energy Law Business, 5(3), pp.248-260. Burger, P. and Marinkov, M. (2012). Fiscal rules and regime-dependent fiscal reaction functions. OECD Journal on Budgeting, 12(1), pp.1-29. Elmas, F. and Songur, M. (2016). Ricardian Fiscal Regime and Fiscal Theory of the Price Level: The European Monetary System. Ekonomik Yaklasim, 27(98), p.203. Kankam, D. and Ackah, I., 2014. The Optimal Petroleum Fiscal Regime for Ghana: An Analysis of Available Alternatives. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(3), p.400. Loloh, F. (2012). Ghana: Fiscal Policy Responsiveness, Persistence and Discretion. SSRN Electronic Journal. Mittnik, S. and Semmler, W. (2012). Regime dependence of the fiscal multiplier. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 83(3), pp.502-522. Mofep.gov.gh. (2016). Ministry of Finance - Government of Ghana. [online] Available at: https://www.mofep.gov.gh/ [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016]. Owusu, K. and Waylen, P. (2012). Identification of historic shifts in daily rainfall regime, Wenchi, Ghana. Climatic Change.

The Fault In Our Stars The Heroic Irony free essay sample

With author John Green and his best seller novel, The Fault In Our Stars, he invokes a different kind of response in his readers. Instead of expecting to read a novel about the horror Ross of cancer and the medical treatments many of its victims are subjected to, Green surprises his readers with a starched love story between two witty teenagers with an early death certifier cater. One of the fascinating themes about Greens novel is the juxtaposition of the heroic roles in The Fault In Our Stars between those with cancer and those without, who a re trying to provide assistance for the cancer patients.Although most believe that those burden d with a serious illness are unable to save themselves without the help Of someone, such as a doctor, or a higher ewer, Green shows that in actuality, sometimes the sick are the heroes who help give strength to those of the healthy and even provide help for themselves through the emote Anal experience of being loved, falling in love, and grieving fo r a lost loved one. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fault In Our Stars The Heroic Irony or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To those who are ill, they are constantly told to fight the good fight, where ho pee was clung to;.. . Ears were shed; comfort proffered ( Green 1 1) by those who just didnt get it (11) Murderous 2 like Patrick, the leader of the Support Group. Green exemplifies Patrick as a la Kingstown with his story about having testicular cancer, living at his parents home without an friends and leading a group in the churchs basement. Patrick tells the group to rely on Go d and spews countless battle metaphors. Like many Patrick in the world, they tend to place e focus on a higher power, telling the sick that God will come to their rescue and the afterlife is a better alternative than where they are currently.It is almost as cancer patients are always a hamster .. . A fatal flaw (19) to the human race and needs to be quarantined and passed over to a higher being. They are a side effect of (3) mankind and their perceived savior is the lord. It is this vitrified mix of disappointment and (20) pity that Green dispels from h is novel. By providing an inside view of a cancer patient, Green shows that they are MO re than just a side effect. Certainly, they are of a doomed breed that technology and medicine AR e there to help but, sometimes they dont need saving from outside forces.Their mental anguish, which is sometimes overlooked, is what ought to be saved and in the case of Hazel an d Augustus, they are able to save each other. For example, the romance between Hazel Grace and Augustus Waters unshackled them from a potential life of loneliness and forgetfulness. In Haze Xis efforts, she has shown Augustus a second chance of being loved and falling in love. Unlike his last girlfriend, whos attitude toward him changed completely, Hazel [was] different She [w as] funny without being mean (312) and loved deeply.She gave Augustus the chance to leave a mark (311) on her life. Likewise, Augustus bought them a minute That [might] buy them an hour (59) by making himself Hazels knight in shining armor. He spends his last and only W sis on Hazel in order to fulfill her dreams of meeting her favorite author and was there for h re when she had a Murderous 3 Eden trip to the hospital. Together, they had their little infinity (260) in the numbered days they were given and thats not nothing (59).When it comes to pain, some may find it is necessary for growth, especially when the form of torment one goes through is because of the loss of a loved one. In light term ms, the existence of death is the one agony that human beings like to try to pretend doesnt exist, and that it isnt an eventual outcome for all creatures on Earth. According to Green, there will co me a time when there are no human beings remaining to remember that anyone ever existed 12) but it doesnt necessarily mean the eventual process of dying should occupy the expanse of someones life.In the dynamics of Hazel and her parents relationship, Hazel fears that the pros pests of her dying might as well be the end to her parents lives because she believes she is the c enter of her parents world and if she is gone, then what happens to her parents? Will they be able to pick themselves back up and move on with their lives, finding something else to center their w oral around? Her concern lays in the possible aftermath of her death. In spite of her fears, how veers, Hazel is informed by her mother revealing her parents involvement in providing hell p to families trying to cope with cancer.In this moment, the worry and anguish Hazel placed pup n herself is lifted because there would be more to her parents life than Hazels cancer story ( 32); even if she herself isnt saving the day, Green reveals that even a cynical, vaguely heroic b Ewing needs saving. Furthermore, following behind the tragedy of their love affair, Hazel managed to ease some of the harmonic terror (262) that Augustus brought with it. During hi s funeral, she had changed her eulogy into something more generic but heartfelt instead of sin the one she had written previously. Why did Hazel decide to change her eulogy instead of tells Eng everyone about Murderous 4 their love story? She came to an understanding that grief does not change you u Ltd reveals (286) the crushing sense of running out of time because she came to the realization n that funerals Are for the living (273) and that it served as a reminder to everyone of what t hey have lost and of how much time is left for them. They remind themselves that even though thesauruss parents and family memberships lost a dearly loved one, theres still a long lie fee filled with reheat and terrible moments that [they] cannot even imagine yet (272).

Marduk the Mesopotamian Creation God

Marduk the Mesopotamian Creation God Marduk- also know as Bel or Sanda- is a Babylonian creator god who defeats an earlier generation of water gods to form and populate the earth, according to the earliest written creation epic, the Enuma Elish, which is presumed to have heavily influenced the writing of Genesis I in the Old Testament. Marduks acts of creation mark the start of time and are commemorated annually as the new year. Following Marduks victory over Tiamat, the gods assemble, celebrate, and honor Marduk by conferring 50 name attributes on him. Marduk Gains Power Over the Gods Marduk became prominent in Babylonia, thanks historically to Hammurabi. Nebuchadnezzar I was the first to officially acknowledge that Marduk was head of the pantheon, in the 12th century B.C. Mythologically, before Marduk went into battle against the salt-water god Tiamat, he obtained power over the other gods, with their volition. Jastrow says, despite his primacy, Marduk always acknowledges Eas priority. The Many Names of Marduk Marduk, having received 50 names, received epithets of other gods. Thus, Marduk may have been associated with Shamash as a  sun god and with Adad as a storm god. According to A Dictionary of World Mythology, there was a henotheistic tendency in the Assyro-Babylonian pantheon that led to the incorporation of various other gods within Marduk. Zagmuk, the spring equinox new years festival marked the resurrection of Marduk. It was also the day the Babylonian kings powers were renewed. Sources Studies in Marduk, by W. G. Lambert. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (1984).Sennacherib and Tarsus, by Stephanie Dalley. Anatolian Studies (1999).The civilization of Babylonia and Assyria, by Morris Jastrow (1915)

Appreciation and Support of Others Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Appreciation and Support of Others - Essay Example My initial feelings were that the children like to interact with visitors that they consider their races. I also thought that all the children professed to Christianity since that was a Christian-dominated area. It happened to be the wrong impression since the orphanage welcomed and appreciated any cultural practice. Social interactions normally bring people together to share their skills and ideas with others. For instance, sports enhances social interactions between individuals from distant places, who observe diverge religious and cultural values. It was my pleasure to take part in this charity event and I regard others as my brothers and sisters. This is because my friends are always there to support and help me whenever I face problems. My feelings changed because the children challenged the volunteers that they love and appreciate everybody. The Muslim child also attended Christian masses and understand the Bible teachings. I was impressed to interact and learn new things from the young children, who did not have any negative feelings against each other. This experience also taught me the significance of respecting other people’s opinions and values. Learning to accommodate different views is a way of showing respect and concern to other people in that environment. People should learn to love and show support to others without the perception of race, religion or social status. The founder of the orphanage home was an African-American, who did not discriminate against any child from other backgrounds.

Argentina FX assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Argentina FX assignment - Essay Example It is imperative to point out that the devaluation enhanced speedy growth of the Argentina’s GDP. This growth was the reason for the re-election of Kirchners. The strategy involved setting the prices of Argentinean exports based on the boom that occurred in the commodities’ prices. This was ramped up with the spending by the government. The devaluation resulted in the tumbling of the Argentina’s fiscal balance from 7.14 per dollar to 8.50 per dollar. Venezuela is reported to have weakened the bolivar through the partial devaluation of its currency. This was devalued to approximately 11.3 per dollar. This was inclusive of the remittances and tourism in comparison to the rate of 6.3 per dollar, which is the official rate of exchange. The tumbling of the fiscal balance from 7.14 per dollar to 8.50 per dollar prompted the Argentina’s central bank to resort to selling its reserves amounting to $100 million in order to control the slide. The devaluation is expected to result in a reduction in the â€Å"stockpile of dollar reserves† (Parks, Turner and Lyons 2). The decision by the Argentinean government to shift away from policies that were friendly to the market to populist attitudes that granted the government subsidies that were generous on sectors of the economy led to rise in the inflation that was insinuated to be among the highest across the globe. The devaluation was conducted without letting the international monetary fund to review the free-market policies. This also led to the collapse of the peso. The government implemented various unorthodox policies aimed at regulating the inflation rate. These included currency controls and price controls through the Argentina’s central bank. The inflation rate for Argentina is estimated to have risen approximately to 25% to 30% according to economists. This estimation is contrary to the government’s records that indicated that last year, the inflation

Objectives of sustainable development

Objectives of sustainable development Introduction The UK construction industry has undergone an unprecedented change in construction technology. Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) have been invented and are increasingly being used. With regard to residential apartment blocks, up to the 1980s greater emphasis was being placed on economy of construction rather than sustainability and lifestyles. Since 1980s, factors such as (i) the speed of construction (ii) sustainability (ii) flexible use of space. The need for rapid construction has led to more use of off-site prefabrication to reduce time spent on site and increase cost-effectiveness. The advancement of construction technology has also benefited from Government policies particularly relating to sustainable development. Perhaps one of the most significant initiatives of the UK Government to encourage sustainable construction was the setting op of the â€Å"Construction Task Force† by the Deputy Prime Minister Mr John Prescott. The task force, which comprised Sir Michael Lathum and Sir John Egan, produced a report ‘Rethinking construction (Egan, 1998). This report became influential in making Government policy. Sir John Egan argued that the use of standardization, prefabrication and innovation would improve the sustainability of the construction industry in the UK. Egan also compared construction to a manufacturing process where improvements are always sustained. The report recommended the use of prefabrication and standardization in building work as a method of achieving value of money, better value for clients and other users. Such an approach is now favoured by most people in the building industry, especially in house building. The use of modern methods of construction allows homes to be built more quickly and efficiently. Modern methods also improve site safety and supplement skilled workmanship where there may be shortages. Nevertheless, modern methods of construction have some disadvantages compared to traditional methods in that construction costs are relatively higher and also some section the public may object to futuristic building designs that go against what they are used to. Developers using MMC may need to be accredited to certain regulating authorities (such as NHBC in the UK) to ensure high quality and durability of their materials. Prefabrication Review-History of MMC Prefabrication was used in UK during periods of high dement, as after the world wars and the slum clearances in 1960s. The technical success of many of these systems was shadowed by social failing of high-rise living. In the 20th century about a million prefabricated houses were build. Most technical problems which were experienced were related to materials and poor workmanship. Prefabricated systems have been used in many public building in UK and other European Countries. The UK parliamentary office of Science and Technology studies showed (MORI poll, 2001) negative attitudes pre-fabrication were result of a big published disaster problem in the 60s. In mid of 1990s interest of UK was significant based system (e.g. roof trusses, steel frames etc) but the complete system of housing development was little, using relatively unskilled labour has been the predominant of UK house building. Off-site Review Government reports suggest that modern methods of construction (MMC) could be part of the solution to improve the quality of housing (Baker 2003). The industry has been slow to develop innovative building technologies, according to Ball and Barrow (1999). Many studies of modern methods of construction have taken the approach of promoting off-site applications without considering all the issues (Roy et al. 2003). The off-site processes help reduce the project construction time. Bakers review 2003 In 2003 the UK Government appointed Sir Martin Baker to review and report on the economic and social impacts of home building. The review examined affordability of homes in the UK. The Government is encouraging modern methods of construction (MMC) and increased supply of homes. One of Bakers highlights (2003) is that it challenges the home building industry to change construction to satisfy housing needs. Planning new levels of housing stock been based on demographic trends (Baker 2004). Benefits of MMC involve the manufacture of homes in factories, which is the faster construction. Evidence-Audits report The Commission for Architecture and Build Environment (CABE) has been investigate for the scope for building more quickly using modern methods of construction (MMC). The objective criteria of the audits, they are open to criticism them also some in house building industry criticized which schemes are determined ‘good or ‘average. In 2005 the modern methods of cost might be higher, it was report and it was possible to: Reduce the construction of houses on-site To build home up to four times with the same amount of on-site labour The performance should be also good as for home build in traditional way. During the twentieth century The new building in the UK (1996) were smaller 13% than the existing stock compared to the European countries houses that were largest that order ones. The size of a new home it was roughly 15.m2, the smallest in the Western Europe and the other European countries tend to be 20 m2 and 30 m2. In the 1981-2001 a particular in new buildings is roughly 20% smaller than the typical pre-1919 home. A combination of social in 1950s, economical and political factors renewed to construct housing system (Boverker,2004). Modern Methods of construction-Embodied carbon The most serious threat to human society that has created itself is climate change. In the 1750s the global atmospheric concentrations of greenhouses gases, carbon dioxide (CO2). The building construction is a substantial contributor of global CO2. Global emissions attributable to energy use in buildings with quarter of total CO2. An important goal for the Government climate police is the reducing of energy and carbon emissions attributed to buildings. In housing construction standard embodied energy is equivalent to a few years of energy; there are some exceptions to low energy buildings. Embodied carbon is important for low energy buildings, because less energy is used in occupation, and additional energy required for the insulation level, energy consumed in the construction materials, transport and installation. However the embodied carbon of low energy house is to contribute a better proportion of lifecycle carbon emissions during the building lifetime than a convention house. Many of the benefits of Modern methods of construction for housing are contentious and unproven. The manufacture suggest of the Government of MMC are: Environment- houses can be more energy efficient, less transport of materials and produce less waste. Social- fewer accidents and less impact during construction. Economic- MMC can be build more quickly. Overview of MMC-Types Modern methods of construction its a term to saw a number of construction methods. In the UK, the methods that being introduced in the building industry significant from so-called construction methods such as brick and block. The MMC was debated in the industry and was no universally agreed definition. The housing corporation that is used for its own purposes in 2003 is a published construction classification system (table 1). Housing corporation construction 1. Off-site manufactured -Volumetric 2. Off-site manufactured -Panelized 3. Off-site manufactured-Hybrid 4. Off-site manufactured -Sub-assemblies and components 5. Non Off-site manufactured construction Other terms of describing the MMC, is the factory building assembled, industrialized construction, innovative systems constructed on-site and pre-fabrication construction. The sectors of the modern methods of construction have five categories used by the housing corporation: off-site manufactured volumetric, three dimensions units produced in the factory, fully fitted out before being transported in the site. The majority of off-site manufactured volumetric construction in the UK to date has been used in housing. Modules may be delivered to site in variety of forms; volumetric off-site brings all the critical activities to the structure to a factory based environment which ensures better quality control. Light steel frame off-site techniques are more used to the traditional construction methods and are used in all sectors of constructions industry. Light steel offers better quality control and reduction in waste. Off-site manufactured-panellised construction is flat panel units build in factory, fully fitted out before being transported to site, panellised systems such as walls, roofs, floors and it consists two types of panels, open panels when assembled forms a skeleton structure and are usually timber or frame and closed panels may include internal lining materials. Off-site manufactured-hybrid is the combination of panellised and volumetric systems, is used to create the skeleton of the structure and volumetric units are used for the bathrooms and the kitchens. The environmental impact of MMC products sector were assessed including timber frame, timber frame with straw bale. A hybrid construction is a panellised system and is good design for economy. There are many manufactured of panellished systems and volumetric. Precast concrete is a construction material where concrete is cast mold which is the cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into pl ace. Barriers of MMC Some MMC homes builders are less expensive that the traditional methods of construction, increased cost about 7-10%. The reasons of different cost (higher) are difficult to discern because most of projects traditional masonry buildings cost widely. The cost apper high because in the MMC, there are different used of benefits such as better quality of construction, fewer accidents and reflect in project account MMC is the faster construction buildup to 50% and thus reducing labour costs. Capacity is a barrier of increasing the number of houses using MMC. In the two categories difficulties fall: factory capacity to manufacture parts and shortage of skills. Historical overview of sustainable development A great number of civilizations in human history it had been recognized the need of harmony between the society, the environment and the economy. More to the point, sustainable development is a very old idea that focuses, on improving the quality of life without exceeding the environmental supplies of natural resources. Unfortunately despite the predictions, the concept of sustainability gained momentum in 1980s when the problem became extremely obvious (Kenny, M., Meadowcroft, J., (1999). In 1973 was the first time that United Nations discussed about environmental solutions in Stockholm (Langton, C., A., Ding, G., K., C., (2001). Subsequently, the ideas discussed again in the World Conservation Strategy and new strategies were adopted by the governments of fifty countries but with very small practical impact. In 1983 the United Nations created the Worlds Commission in Environment and Development (WCED) and in 1987 they published a report in sustainable development with the name â€Å"Our common future† also known as the Brundtland Report (Langton, C., A., Ding, G., K., C., (2001). According to Langton, C., A., Ding, G., K., C., (2001) this report had critically signaled the rush of thinking for a second time the ways of governing and living as also the need of international coordination and cooperation. In 1992 in Rio Conference was the first time that the worlds leaders discussed about the future of the planet and agreed to set out principles to achieve sustainable development. The major agreement of this meeting was a 900 page program of actions with steps towards sustainable development at international levels. In 1997 the Kyoto climate summit set targets for the industrial countries in order to bring their gas emissions 5% below 1990 levels by 2012. Pioneering ways must be found to ensure that individual behavior and institutional structures will change targets, towards a sustainable future and will understand the consequences of inaction. Sustainable concept To begin with, it can be critically mentioned that the sustainable development should take into consideration the potential impacts on three main sectors, the environmental, the social and the economic; as it has been advised from Munasinghe (1993). Essentially, he advocated that, the natural habitats, the people, and the economy are interrelated and should be managed as a one. Therefore, the environmental approach it can be claimed that is so to protect the biological features, the social concept is to stabilize the cultural system and the economic approach are to maximize the income and preserve the stock of resources (Munasinghe, 1993).Ultimately, it would be imperative to append that some more important concepts in sustainable development are the futurity the equity and the irreversibility. Table 3 provides further details as per those important concepts. Further Important Concepts: Futurity: concern is given not only for the short term horizon, but also for the long term that affect the future generations. Equity: Emphasis is given to the least advantaged in society in order to provide their needs and a fair treatment. Irreversibility: Some types of environmental degradation are not possible to be restored by human ingenuity. Source: Based on Strange, T., Bayley, A., (2008) Objectives of sustainable development Taking into consideration all of the above, hence explicit information that academic definitions are providing; the reviewed literature suggests that numerous previous empirical studies have been conducted based on main advantages supported as a result of the sustainable developments up to date. Economy: Sustainable development is so to promote an economy that improves environmental quality and meet peoples needs. Energy: Reduction of energy use to suitable levels and encouragement of the consumers to spend less energy. Land use: The main concern is to minimize the loss of rural land and to maintain the viability of town centers Forestry: The main issue is the management of forests in a way that sustains their ecological qualities and their productive potentials. Climate change: The key objective is the limitation of gas emissions that contribute to climate change and global warming. Air quality: Key issues: reduction of pollutant emissions in order to improve local air quality and chemical pollution control especially in urban areas. Mineral extraction: The main objective is the minimization of the environmental harm from mineral extraction by the efficient use of materials. Waste materials: Sustainable Waste management can decrease the amount of waste production. The hierarchy of waste management options start with the reduction of waste materials, it then goes to the re-use and finally to disposal. Raw materials The raw materials inputs change depending upon the systems of MMC being factored. Common raw materials including metal, board materials, timber, concrete, class wool insulation. Off-cuts of these materials typically end up as waste within the factory environment. Timber is a raw and recycled material, timber panel products are usually kept separate from the clean timber as they are currently different to recycle. Steel is readily recycled material, due to its value established recycling routes. Also glass wool insulation is potentially recyclable Raw materials are often packaged and it is this packaging that ends up as waste. Packaging wastes have various waste management routes depending on the individual manufacturer. Modern methods of construction are about better product and processes. They aim improve business efficiency, quality environmental performance, sustainability and the predictability. MMC are more broadly based that a particular focus on product MMC should make it possible to build more with the same amount of on-site labor.MMC other than open panel techniques continue to be slightly more expensive than more established techniques but the cost ranges for different techniques overlap substantially, in any particular set of conditions in MMC could be as cost-effective as brick and block or more cost effective. Sustainable development definition One of the most popular definitions for sustainable development was given in Brundtland report (1995): â€Å"Sustainable is the development that meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (Kirby, J, OKeefe, P., Timberlake L., 1995). This definition indicates that an activity can be considered sustainable if it doesnt exhaust the natural resources and doesnt have serious impacts to the environment that the future generations will inherit. For instance, if the ozone layer is destroyed, if the green-house gases build up, if the natural resources are exhausted and if water and air are polluted, it is reasonably obvious that this generation dont give the ability to the next one to support their selves. Sustainable development can be considered as: A theoretical framework: a method that will make the world more balanced and holistic. A process: techniques to apply the principles of integration to all decision. A target: methods of fixing the problems Sustainable construction Sustainable construction focuses on the issues of procurement, assembly and Procurement: The processes of procurement introduce the objectives that the contractors must have during the construction. These objectives may include environmental commissioning. It consist matters like site planning, tendering, selection of materials, recycling and waste minimization (Smith, P., F., (2007). standards and reporting requirements. Assembly: The assembly activities are managed by the contractors in order to contribute to the ecological performance. It consist issues as the excavation methods, the reduction of noise, the disposal of wastes and storm-water containment. Commissioning: It gives information of how the design will operate in the future. It should relate performance specifications and maintenance methods. In order the environmental performance of the construction to be improved, the site operatives and the supervisors should have a proper training (Smith, P., F., (2007).

Problems on Fraternity Membership

The Problem and Its Background Introduction Fraternity nowadays is very popular in Universities, Colleges, and Communities. Some of them have their own experience in a Fraternity. In a Certain University here in Philippines there are some Known Fraternity such as Tau Gamma Phi, Alpha Phi Omega, Alpha Kappa Rho etc. ut this Fraternities are much known by the Students than the Administrators of the Schools. There are different types of discrimination. Black people in America experienced it as well as Asians, Cubans, Mexicans and other non-American living there. It is commonly called racial discrimination. People with physical deformities suffer the so-called physical discrimination. People who belong to the third sex are also victims of such cruelty. Now, new sets of victims have risen. They are the students who member of fraternities and sororities.Discrimination of fraternities and sororities arise because other people think that these fraternities and sororities only cause troubles, which the members do not agree with. Those students who join the fraternities or sororities are not merely looking for trouble but there are deeper reasons, like to have a group they can call their own, to experience good camaraderie, brotherhood and sisterhood and to have lots of friends. These are a fact that others do not see, that is why they jump into conclusion that fraternities and sororities cause trouble so they deserve to be discriminated.We all know that discrimination has many effects on the life of an individual. This study the researcher is out for the truth. This researchers carries the purpose of finding out the effects of fraternity and sorority discrimination. Statement of the problem This study will seek answers to the following questions. 1. Why do college students who are involved in fraternity or sorority discriminated in school? 2. What are the main reasons why they joined fraternity or sorority? 3. What are the advantages in joining fraternity or sorority? 4 . What are the disadvantages in joining fraternity or sorority? Objectives of the studyGeneral Objective: The main objective of the study to determine the problems encountered by the membership in fraternities. Specifically, this study aims: 1. To find out why to join Fraternity 2. To be aware about the Problems such Organizations undergo 3. To identify the nature of brotherhood and sisterhood as Fraternities and sororities 4. To have a knowledge about the Basic 5. To know the advantages and disadvantages of Fraternity Significance of the study This study signifies that.. ~ Expose the discrimination experienced by the students who are involved in fraternities and sororities in school. Correct the misconception people have regarding these fraternities or sororities. ~ Inform students about the positive and negative effects of joining the fraternity or sorority. ~ Give an overview why students want to join fraternity or sorority. Assumptions These are the reasons why students joined a fraternity and sorority, and there are fraternities and sorority members who are responsible and can perform well in school. There are fraternities and sororities who can help students develop their self-esteem and self-confidence. And there are fraternity and sorority who can give protection and support to its members.There are preventive measures that can be done when someone wants to join a fraternity or sorority. There are fraternity or sorority who conducts physical initiations rites. And there are possibilities that when a students joined a fraternity or sorority, his social life and attitude will change. Scope and delimitations This study will deal only problem faced by being a fraternity member on the life of a student in selected college/university. This will be done through interviewing 20 members and non-members of different fraternities or sororities in four different colleges/universities namely, St James College Of Q.C, University of Santo Tomas, Our Lady of Fatima Un iversity, and Centro Escolar University. Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter will discuss on the information that have significant bearing on the process and discussion of research.. According to the â€Å"Webster Dictionary Encyclopedia Edition. †, fraternity is an organization for social or other purposes of student in colleges who usually have the Greek letter names and secret rites, and represented by chapters in many Institutions. Fraternities were established with an avowed purpose of offering friendship, leadership, nspiration, guidance and services to the students and other people As well. College fraternities. Are far more ahead from their contemporary high school Fraternities, in some colleges, forming an organization or fraternity is legal, because of the fact that the members, whether students or alumni, the advantages of fraternal organizations are not only astounding but self evident. They believe that it helps maintain the high-qual ity attitude of the campus and strengthen the function of higher education in social mobility. But not all fraternities have the same outcome in other campus.According to the article of Alfred McClung, to non members, their disadvantages are overwhelming, and their presence on the campus is regarded as hurtful and hostile to the objective of higher education, they believe that fraternity members are war freaks, cause nothing but trouble in the school that they are in, in that same article, the point of school authorities, fraternities have served no good, they have been continual source of problems for disciplinary officers and administrations of the campus, Forming a fraternity is therefore prohibited. According to William S. Carlson, the liabilities of fraternities in student’s life are ery different in kind and severity from one campus to another, the most negative criticisms are directed toward those on the large, heterogeneous campuses, where there are the highest contra st in economic origin, social consciousness, social skills and competence. The lack of security in social relations is therefore the greatest concern to the student, parents and school administrators, however, banning fraternities as many schools now ban them has really forced this fraternities to go underground but there are still some fraternities, which are recognized by the school authorities and students but not ecognized by the school administrators, In an article entitled, â€Å"Psychological Needs of Adolescents,† it was stated that college students enter in a fraternity for brotherhood and for protection.Fraternity members voluntary joined hands in recognizing that true brotherhood emanates from love and respect for their fellowmen. According to Joseph Rhulman in his book â€Å"Personnel Principles in Chapter House† the reason behind why college students enter organizations such as fraternity, because of curiosity and peer pressure, in the youth sub-culture of almost all generations he peer group is more powerful influence than admonitions of parents and school authorities. There are ample data to show the ultimate erect of the college discrimination especially in regard to the earning trust of the students. In a typical university, the fraternity feels that it must make its entrance in style, being sure that it can compete with the long established group already present that is why they develop their own principles in recruiting new members.Nowadays, many college students are aware with the mindless and useless death due to hazing. This barbaric practice which defies all norms of civilized conduct has ecome institutionalized establishments of higher learning is beyond understanding. Some fraternity members say that it is intended to instill discipline among unruly freshman and newly recruits, but the countless deaths and injuries it has caused seemed to militate against this cruel practice. That is why, most non members get intimidate b y the way the members act. For instance, the fraternity riots that are breaking out. These non members are in fear that their lives might be in jeopardy. They suggest that the best way to do to have a clean –image-fraternity is to completely abolish hazing.In the article â€Å"Tougher Laws Alone Won’t Stop Hazing and Abuses,† says that there is no justification for mindless violence and risk to life. However, the better remedy is to meet the needs of college students by means of more professionally oriented organizations. To give young men in our colleges and universities enough challenges and interesting tasks as well as stimulating academic activities to keep their minds focused on these priorities rather than their socializations needs alone, Another way is to say that the socialization needs will be met by the overall challenge of school activities and the xpectations given to young people to develop themselves without need for fraternities. Loss of life is certainly a better option to prevent these students from joining these Fraternities.Chapter III Methodology The survey type of a detailed analysis of a group, was used in this study since this study concerns about the present conditions regarding students who are involved in a fraternity or sorority the analysis of this condition will lead to the understanding and possible solutions to the problems undertaken by the researchers Methods Used In order to obtain the data which are important in the course of study, a case study s an appropriate method used. Case study is a detailed analysis of a person or group Profile of the respondentsThere are 20 college students, ages 17-27 years of age, all Males, all singles serve as the Respondents and all of which were members of such Organizations or fraternities, among these respondents, 4 of which agreed to give such information about themselves which will be crucial in this research, Goy (not real name) a 18 year old college student from St James College of Quezon City, single and have been a member of a unsaid fraternity for two years now, â€Å"Nuno† (not real name) a 27 ear old alumni of Fatima College, single and have been a member of Tau Gamma Phi fraternity for nine years and still active and helping the growth of his fraternity, another one is â€Å"olsen† (not real name) a 19 year old student from University of Santo Tomas, single and also a member of Tau Gamma Phi for 3 years now, and last is â€Å"Bok† also a 19 years old student of Centro Escolar University, single and have been a member of his fraternity for 3 years now. Data gathering Procedure Library- based research. The researchers obtain some information from the library and v visit some websites.Primary source of information such as books, articles and other publication are gathered. Secondary source of data were taken so that these materials will also provide information. Observation. The researchers have observed the respondents and studied the demographic profile of the subjects. Studying the location of the subjects will help fully understand the condition of the respondents since they came from various learning institutions. Interview. The researchers conduct queries in order to gather data. A structured questions are prepared . Survey. A questionnaire containing four (4) questions with multiple options re used . These questionnaires were administered to facilitate the validity of the data gathered. Instrumentation The researchers use questionnaire which has four questions with multiple options given to gather data for the study. Those questions are related to the problem statement. Sampling Techniques and Procedure Driven by the researchers need to gather information, the researchers choose lottery method in choosing the respondents for this research, In that case, the researchers will be able to better gather information without being biased in some information which he researchers consider important in this research, and also gather information without compromising the integrity of the data being shown. Q U E S T I O N N A I R E Dear Respondents, We, the students enrolled in Society and Culture of FEU-Fern College are working on the research entitled, â€Å"Problems Facing Fraternity Membership†. This is in partial fulfillment of the requirements in the said subject. Rest assured that whatever information will be gathered will be used for research purposes only and will be treated with utmost confidentiality. Thank you very much. Very truly yours, The Researchers ———————————————————————————————————– Name: ( optional)_______________________ Age:____________ Gender:_________ Course:__________School:__________ Direction. Pleas e read carefully each question. Each question has multiple options, you may have multiple answers. Kindly answer the questions honestly and completely. 1. What fraternity are you currently engaged? ?Alpha Phi Omega ?Tau Gamma Phi ?Beta Sigma ?Upsilon ?Alpha Kappa Rho ?Scout Royal Brotherhood ?FROKS ?Delta Sigma Phi ?Sigma Beta Phi ?Alpha Phi Beta ?Beta Lambda ?None . Is it authorized in your school? Yes ?No What/Who encourage you to join the fraternity? ?Political Machinery ?Security and protection ?Socialization ?To be popular ?To have a feeling of belonging ?Invited by Friends ?Help others ?Curiosity ?Peer Pressure ?For improvement ?Others ?No Organization What do you think are the advantages or disadvantages of joining Fraternity or Sorority? ?To be popular ?Have lots of friends ?Can do well in school ?Can get support during elections ?Practice my right to say yes or no ?Connection when you graduate ?Full of riots ?Death Chapter IV Analysis of Data 1. What fraternity are you curr ently engaged? Tau Gamma Phi ( 25% )Alpha Kappa Rho ( 20% ) Scout Royal Brotherhood ( 15% ) Delta Sigma Phi ( 15%) Alpha Phi Omega ( 10% ) Beta Sigma ( 5% ) None ( 10% ) Total: 100% 2 Is it authorized in your school? Yes ( 0%) No ( 100% ) Total: 100% 3. What/Who encourage you to join the fraternity Socialization (20%) Security and Protection (15%) Invited by friends (13%) Curiosity (12%) No organization (11%) Peer Pressure (9%) Help others (9%) To be Popular (8%) Others (3%) Total 100% 4. What do you think are the advantages or disadvantages of joining Fraternity? Connection when you graduate (20%)Have lots of friends (18%) Can do well in school (15%) To be popular (12. 5%) Full of riots (12. 5%) Death (12. 5%) Practice my right to say yes or no (9. 5%) Total 100% Chapter V Summary of Results and Findings. Most of the fraternity members do not feel the problems physically, emotionally and socially. Most of those fraternities are unauthorized in schools, they join fraternities to hav e a better social life, security and protection and gain more friends, all of them answered that fraternity members do not deserve this problems. Most of the respondents have the same reason that there is nothing wrong with being a raternity or sorority member. Recommendations This research is highly recommended to all students especially in college levels who are already aware of such existing organizations; the proponents’ put stress into this research to show the students what are the problems encountered by the members of fraternities. Conclusion The group concluded that Problems facing fraternity is inevitable. According to the data gathered and answered questionnaires it shows that students join fraternities primarily because of security However some students have their own reason why they do not join such organization.Bibliography â€Å"Fraternity,† Webster Comprehensive Dictionary Editions, vol. I p 502 Alfred McClung, â€Å"Fraternities Without Brotherhood,â €  (Boston Beacon Press, 1995)p. 445 Ibid (as no. 2) William S. Carlson, â€Å"Fraternities: Evil Force on the campus,† Saturday Review (September 10, 1985)pp. 59-61 Psychological needs of the adolescents,† The Philippine journal (dec. 18, 1996) p. 10 Joseph Rhulman, â€Å"personnel Principles in chapter house† (Washington American Hill Brother Company, Inc. 1988)pp 24-26 McClung, loc. Cit Carlson, loc. cit ———————– [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]

Malcom X Essay

Malcom X was a man who held many strong beliefs and posed numerous persuasive arguments. Many of these arguments are presented by Malcom X in his autobiography. The told events of his life provide the evidence for the arguments he makes. One of his contentions is that women are inferior to men. Malcom’s perception of women and his basis for this argument develop through out his life. His experiences with women provide efficient evidence for the argument he makes, but there are some counter-examples which contradict his argument. Malcom grew up watching his father beat his mother. As a young boy he lived in a society where women were considered less significant than men. When Malcom moved to Boston, he gained knowledge about women by the examples of his friends who used women as status symbols. His experiences with his own status symbol, Sophia, further lead him to believe that women were inferior to men. These conditions shaped Malcom’s views on women. It was through Malcom’s experiences with his family, his friends in Boston, and the women he knew that lead him to believe women were â€Å"nothing but another commodity (155).† Malcom did have models of proud and self-reliant women through out his life. However, these women did not seem to affect his overall opinion. Malcom’s father was often physically abusive to his mother. Malcom was subjected to witnessing his father’s actions. Malcom observes that a possible reason for his father’s violent outbursts was the fact that his mother â€Å"had a pretty good education (6).† His father would not tolerate being corrected by a woman which presented Malcom his first example of women’s inferiority to men. These violent outbreaks and his mother’s passive reactions taught Malcom that women could be treated in any harmful and shameful way without consequence. Moving to Boston exposed Malcom to a different culture. Boston’s urban setting clashed with the rural areas where Malcom was raised. The friends he made in Boston were hustlers who operated in a fast paced and manipulative world. They believed that being seen with a white woman was the ultimate establishment of reputation. Not only did Malcom witness the white women being used for status by his friends, he understood that â€Å"†¦those white women had no more respect for those Negroes†¦ (140).† He knew that the white women were using them for pleasure and escape from the security of their marriages. These experiences taught Malcom that women were to be regarded as nothing more than trophies. The lack of respect given to the women and the lack of which they gave provided evidence that women did not deserve to be appreciated. Malcom had his own white woman to parade around town to the clubs and bars, Sophia. Sophia succumbed to anything that Malcom demanded. She surrendered all of her money to him and would appear at his beck and call. Malcom would abuse her just â€Å"to keep her in line (156).† It became Malcom’s belief that â€Å"some women love to be exploited (156).† Malcom exploited the submissive Sophia because she allowed him to do so. Malcom was surrounded by meek and subservient women which lead him to believe women like to be treated in such a harsh manner. Malcom was acquainted with a few very highly regarded women. â€Å"The first really proud black woman† Malcom had known was his sister, Ella (39). Ella was a woman of great achievements. Malcom â€Å"had never been so impressed with anybody (39-40).† Another impressive woman who impacted Malcom’s life was the wife of his boss. She was educated and had business abilities which Malcom respected. Malcom regarded these women much differently than the others he knew like Sophia, however, his inferiority-of-women attitude was not changed by these decent women. The mistreatment and abuse of women that Malcom witnessed and acted out guided his beliefs about women and where they stood in society. Malcom’s perceptions of women and his argument about gender relations are clearly connected with his raising. His evidence of these views and arguments give good reason for him to accept them as true. His gender relations argument does not take into consideration the few, but highly upright, women that did take part in his life, though. The fact that he did experience relationships with women whom he did not consider inferior conflicts his argument.

Essay on The Use of Language in The Crucible - 3131 Words

The Use of Language in The Crucible The Crucible is the study in the mass hysteria which led to the 1692 Salem witchcraft trials, concentrating on the fate of some of the key figures caught up in the persecution. It powerfully depicts people and principles under pressure, and the issues and motivations involved. At the same time it is also clearly a parable for the events of the McCarthy era in the USA of the 1950s when anyone suspected of left wing views was arraigned for ‘ un American activities’ ‘The Crucible’ consists of many dramatic acts involving a lot of tension but Act III is significant to the whole play as it involves a lot of dramatic irony and anxiety. Act III is opened with a build up a tension from the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"They’ll be hanging’ my wife!† Giles reveals that his wife is to be hanged; this signals tension that a argument is about to come in between some of the characters Giles’s entrance creates elements of suspense and tension. We first see this when he breaks in roaring â€Å"I have evidence for the court†. His tone and straight to the point language suggests that he is desperate to save his wife despite the fact he is in a court room and his behaviour is not acceptable. The fact that he claims he has evidence builds up tension in the audience as to whether or not this can change the trial. Judge Harthone, a hard and unforgiving man then enters shouting at Giles for creating such a scene â€Å"Arrest him Excellency!† by Harthones commands we see his superiority. Danforth and Giles then have a disputed conversation where Giles gets pretty upset and he is â€Å"beginning to weep† as shown in the stage directions on page 69. Giles’s break down shows that he has broken down from anger to weeping from the desperation to save his wife from being hanged by speaking in her defence. â€Å"Your hearing lies, lies!† Giles’s use of language is very concise and shows that he is not wasting any time by showing respect to the court, this builds up a lot of tension as his behaviour is the opposite to Francis, Giles’s approach is very dramatic. The suspense lies within the audience to whether or not his behaviour will have any effect on his wife’s trial. Francis’s approach toShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible Compare And Contrast Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe Crucible is play by Arthur Miller, made in 1953 and it is about a fictional story of The Salem witch trials that occurred in the late 1600’s. The film, The Crucible, was made in 1996, directed by Nicholas Hytner, and was made to show Millers work on the big screen so it could appeal to the new generation. 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