Learning Theories A Comparison Of Behavioral And...

Learning Theories: A Comparison of Behavioral and Cognitive Views Cognitive and behavioral learning theories tend to dominate modern discussions of learning theories. Employed in both educational and clinical settings, both have important contributions to understanding how and why individuals learn. Is one approach statistically better than the other, or do they each have their own place where one approach may be more effective under specific circumstances? Each theory has supporters who claim the efficacy of their theory is superior. Comparison of the theories is necessary to determine if one is significantly better than the other, or even if one theory may be slightly more effective than the other. Determining if one competing theory†¦show more content†¦Although Watson was not the first to suggest an empirical and objective approach to psychological research he was the first to offer a coherent and organized program, and is often viewed as the catalyst for behaviorism, especially among American psychologists (Bewsbury, 2013). Perha ps the most famous behaviorist is B.F. Skinner (b.1904-d.1990). Skinner’s approach almost completely disregarded anything outside of observable behaviors, and his strict approach to looking at anything other than observable behaviors resulted in the development of the term radical behaviorism (Feist et al., 2013). There is no single theorist or group that the cognitive theory of learning was built upon, it is a multifaceted approach built upon information presented by numerous contributions of many theorists (Yilmaz, 2011). However, it is generally accepted that cognitive learning theory was pioneered by Jean Piaget and further expounded upon by Lev Vygotsky in the 1920’s (Ormrod, 2012; Yilmaz, 2011). Cognitivism was birthed as a result of behaviorists failing to explain how and why individuals process information and make sense of the information that has been processed (Yilmaz, 2011). Concepts Behaviorism is rooted in the belief that behavior should be studied scientifically, and

The Night And Maus Book Review Essay - 1365 Words

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War II, Winston Churchill, once said, â€Å"Those who fail to learn from history, are doomed to repeat it.† Throughout Elie Wiesel’s autobiography, Night, his faith in humanity, his belief in God’s justice and his childhood and innocence destroyed and changed his identity as a result of his experiences during the Holocaust. Vladek Spiegelman, a Polish Jew in the book Maus written by Art Spiegelman, struggles through life during this European catastrophe, but does not portray a memory as affecting as Elie Wiesel’s. Night and the book Maus both contextually focus on survivors of the Holocaust, but Night illustrates a more graphic and realistic memory of this gruesome event. The portrayal of memory†¦show more content†¦Most prisoners became self-focused, only concerned with their own self-preservation. They turned against one another in these horrible situations instead of comforting each other in tim es of difficulty. Elie wants people to understand that this crucial memory of inhumane actions brought upon human beings should not be distorted. Not only did he witness such physical abuse, but he also received the same malicious beatings as every other concentration camp prisoner despite his age and size. Other senseless and inhumane acts were forced upon Elie during his time at Auschwitz which ultimately made him question his own God. The Nazi’s treated all Jewish prisoners like worthless farm animals by putting small amounts of food into a trough for everyone to fight for. Starvation and malnutrition was another obstacle Elie had to overcome. Every prisoner suffered with starving stomachs only to live off of an insufficient amount of tiny pieces of bread and a small bowl of soup. These inhumane living conditions made him question for the rest of his life if God even existed. He questions himself throughout the book how a supreme being, an all-powerful and all-knowing God can allow such slaughter and terror upon the human race. Throughout his book Night, Elie Wiesel tries to remain optimistic as to why God is doing this by stating, â€Å"God is testing us. He wants us to see whether we are capable of overcoming our basic instincts, of killing the Satan within ourselvesShow MoreRelatedFACEBOOK case study Essay11495 Words   |  46 Pagescurrent challenges were brought about by Jobs’ revolution of th e mobile industry. Today, Zuckerberg would attempt to engage an audience with a new product in a manner similar to Jobs’ flashy introductions of new innovations. Zuckerberg opened with a review of Facebook’s mission and described the structure of the company’s current social ecosystem. Two current products, Timeline and News Feed, represented two of the three pillars supporting the Facebook ecosystem. These two products allow users to viewRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 PagesStephen, Billy Elliot Making Multicultural Australia, www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au It is also suggested you choose 3-4 related texts as you will have more to discuss. You do not have to read a full book; a story from an anthology can be enough. You can also choose a poem, a picture book, film or photographs. Remember though that you will need to discuss at length the relevance of the chosen piece to write about how belonging is represented in the text, how are the ideas about belonging broughtRead MoreEvil in Roberto Benignis Life Is Beautiful4016 Words   |  17 Pagesunconvincing and self-congratulatory and accusing Benigni of perpetrating a Holocaust denial (Denby 96). A cartoon of a despairing concentration camp prisoner holding an Oscar statuette accompanied Denby s New Yorker review. Art Spiegelman, the author of the Holocaust comic book series Maus, drew the cartoon and called the film a banalization of the Holocaust (Polese 1). Benigni had prepared for potential criticism by inviting Marcello Pezzetti of the Center for Contemporary Hebrew DocumentationRead MoreDuchess Of Malf Open Learn10864 Words   |  44 Pagesof Malfi was first performed. James would wholeheartedly have endorsed the sentiments expressed in Antonio’s opening speech; indeed, he had himself produced a comparable description of the ideal royal court in his book on kingship, Basilikon Doron (Greek for Royal Gift) (1599). The book is addressed to his eldest son and heir Prince Henry, and advises him to take great care in choosing his chief courtiers: see that they bee of a good fame and without blemish: otherwise, what can the people thinkeRead MoreCost Accounting134556 Words   |  539 Pagesâ€Å"+† enlarges your page. The magnifying glass containing â€Å"–† reduces your page. (Click on the icon, then click on your page.) These four icons are used to access pages one at a time. The ï ¬ rst icon, , allows you to move quickly to the ï ¬ rst page of the book. The last icon, , allows you to move quickly to the last page. The two icons, , allow you to view pages one at a time, forwards and backwards. The Go Back and Go Forward buttons allow you to retrace your steps in a document, moving to each view in

Seclusion in Mental Health free essay sample

Seclusion is a clinical intervention used in psychiatric inpatient settings that focuses on the management of violent and aggressive behaviour when the behaviour compromises the safety of the service user and others. The therapeutic effect of seclusion has always been a controversial issue in psychiatry. Some consider seclusion to be necessary and therapeutic for the control of violent behaviour while others consider it a violation of human rights and a form of punishment. In the DHB inpatient unit it is seen as a necessary evil and is used as a last resort in managing severely disturbed and aggressive behaviour. In recent years great effort has been made in national and international level to reduce seclusion use and there are strict guidelines both in law and policy determining how it is to be used. Definition The New Zealand Health and Disability Service standards define seclusion as â€Å"where a consumer is placed alone in a room or area, at any time and for any duration, from which they cannot freely exit†. We will write a custom essay sample on Seclusion in Mental Health or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Ministry of Health, 2008) â€Å"Seclusion involves: Containment – a person is contained within a room where the door is shut and the freedom to exit is decided by staff. Isolation – the person is in the room alone. Reduction of sensory input – the room is reasonably bare, often containing no more than a bed and sometimes a toilet† (Mental Health Commission, 2004) History Because of its intrusive nature and the potential for misuse, interventions such as seclusion or physical restraints are always been a controversial issue in psychiatric history. In 18th century patients who proved difficult to control were often isolated for long periods (sometimes many years) and were frequently also maintained in physical restraints. Seclusion was implemented as a punishment, to intimidate and exclude.

Women and Dating an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Women and Dating What is dating? How do we understand it? What are some of the reasons women date? Whom should we date? Where should we go for dating? What should we do on a date? How far may we go in our touching and kissing? Where do we draw the line? How do we know where to draw the line? These are questions we hope to tackle. Need essay sample on "Women and Dating" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Speaking of dating, it is just recent in origin, as no record in ancient writings about it. It is a development of the past few hundred years in Western culture. Dating is defined as the middle stage in the process of finding a suitable mate. Usually, dating comes between being friends and getting engaged, so no define, establish, exclusive relationship yet.. Women often send out conflicting signals about the seriousness of their dating. They look at it in different perspective. When they are confronted by their parents they often insist that dating is just "for fun." But to their confidant, on the other hand, they are more likely to treat dating as pretty serious business. Generally these conflicting signals reflect some of the confusions which they experience within themselves as they deal with and try to understand their own emotions. Or often times they send a wrong signal if they were not sure if such dating would end up something to serious engagement or not. There is a wait and see trial. What is the purpose of dating? Women believe that there could be a point in it because it would prepare one to a real relationship. For it is assume to some degree that when you go out with someone with the intent of getting married. Like one could learn from her mistakes and get more idea of what good and bad things to do in a relationship. Though personally, women date to respond to the pressure that at a certain age, at least they have already been dated by somebody. At least when peers met, they have also their story to tell. And for those who are really use to it, just for fun and experience, and also to be proud of that she had gone through it several times already. But for others, it is really for seriously considering the right man for marriage. Hoever, if dating is taken without serious consideration to marriage Harris,J ( 1997) said it can usually skip the friendship stage of a relationship, where one can really know each other in a real sense. It also often mistaken a physical relationship for love; if done carelessly it can also distract young adults from their primary responsibility of preparing for the future. So there goes dating. Whom then should one date? Will she just date anybody who proposes a date? If for fun, yes. But may it never be, one needs not to count her fingers to be able to know the right man. Dating your best friend, whom you really know personally and had spent time in discussions, quarrel and able to reconcile, who disappointed her several times yet able to ask for forgiveness is the best and only man should one date. If one goes out for dating, it should be the person whom he/she had in mind to marry. The one whom to some degree has a personal knowledge already, and not just any caller. Playing games should be out of the question. Seriousness must be the game, and not trial and error. How far then the two should go if they date? Will a woman just allow any form of physical intimacy apart from marriage? The Bible is never against sex. But sex is designed within the marriage bed. If there has been no wedding, then love and sex become hostile to each other.. If sex is done outside marriage it is usually done hurriedly and secretly under undignified circumstances. Thus the experience does not make love blossom and flower, but makes it wither away.(Trobisch, W. In fact having sex before marriage does not make both one flesh, as they are alienated from each other and bitterness begins to creep in. Why not flesh? Becausethey usually lack a purpose or a clear destination. In most cases especially when they are younger, dasting is a short term, serving the needs of the moment. People date because they want to enjoy the emotional and physical benefits of intimacy without the responsibility of real commitment. For a man maybe, when they engage into it, it is a triumph, a vic tory, they can prove that they are truly man. Which then is very selfish. But to women who allow this in their dating, usually at the losing end. She lost her virginity, she might be pregnant, guilt will be following her. Besides, it is always a good thing to tell the children ones both are ,married, that they have never engage to physical intimacy not until they were both wed. The example they set, will warrant them to have authority over their children to encourage and instruct them not to engage in it. Beside the fact that a peaceful mind and a clear conscience without baggages in marriage is very commendable. BIBLIOGRAPHY Harris, Joshua. 1997. I Kissed Dating Goodbye. USA:Multnomah Publishers, Inc. Trobisch,Walter. 1960.I Married You. Austria: Baden-Baden.Editions Trobisch

Modern Platos Cave Essays - Platonism, Dialogues Of Plato

Modern Plato's Cave Essays - Platonism, Dialogues Of Plato Modern Plato's Cave In the Allegory of the Den written by Plato. In his writing he explains human beings live in an underground den, here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move. Being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads. The three areas in modern American life that relate to Platos cave are school, community, and home or personal issues. One of the areas of modern American life that relates to Platos den is school. In grades 1-6 (elementary) kids don't really know anything bout life. Kids just play, act crazy, and don't think of other genders. After elementary is over they go to middle school. While in middle school, teenagers get pure pressured into doing something such as: drugs, steal, sex or alcohol. Teenagers also start to recognize other genders. They also start to argue with their parents. This is also know as the ElectroOedypius complex. After they graduate from middle school they enter high school. They start taking responsibility and get more serious. They start to get stressed about work and essays. But after high school they start to think about freedom. But they really don't get freedom. Everybody has to do something to survive like working for money, food, and pay the bills. Another area in Modern American life that relates to Platos cave is community. The reasons why community is related to Platos cave is due to isolation, jobs, culturerace, crime, and the way people act. Ridgecrest for example, the town is a middle white race society. The society blames ethnic people of committing crimes and they wont be able to get a job. The ethnic culture in isolated towns is rare, when people see other cultures such as: Asian, Mexican, etc. Most people consider them as weird or when they hear other peoples language. In small towns, there are a lot of stereotypes. They don't wont change. The law is what also makes this world a cave. The law is created to stop violence and criminals. If you disobey the laws then you either get put in jail or put to death. It relates to being put in chains being prevented from turning our heads. The final reason is your personal issues or living at home. For instance your the rules of the house, being on home at a certain hour, and doing chores around the house. The chores relates of also being chained up, not being able to relax, watch television. Brothers and sisters keep on bugging you and not giving you any space. Going home at a certain time, not having the freedom of staying out as late as you want. In the Allegory of the Den by Plato, it talks about being imprisoned or feeling imprisoned and being put in chains. In modern American life that feel imprisoned are school, community and home. The three areas (school, community, and home) relate to the cave because all three have to do with freedom. Not being able to do what they want to is what makes them feel imprisoned.

Visit an Observatory, See the Stars, Planets, and Galaxies

Visit an Observatory, See the Stars, Planets, and Galaxies Observatories are places where astronomers do their work. Modern facilities are filled with telescopes and instruments that capture the light from distant objects. These places are scattered around the planet, and people have been building them for thousands of years. Some observatories are not even on Earth, but instead orbit or planet or the Sun in a quest for more information about the sky. However, not every such observatory has a telescope. Older ones from prehistory are simply markers that help observers capture a view of a sky objects as it rises or sets. Early Sky-gazing Places Before the advent of telescopes, astronomers did their observing naked eye from wherever they could find a dark-sky site. In most cases, mountaintops did just fine, lifting them up above the surrounding landscapes and cities. Observatories date back to ancient times when people used rocks or sticks placed  in the ground to align with the rising and setting points of the Sun and important stars. Good examples of these early ones are the Big Horn Medicine Wheel in Wyoming, the Cahokia Mounds in Illinois, and Stonehenge  in England. Later on, people built temples to the Sun, Venus, and other objects. We can see the remains of many of these buildings in Chichen Itza in Mexico, the Pyramids in Egypt, and the remains of building on Machu Picchu in Peru. Each of these sites preserved a view of the heavens as a calendar. Essentially, they let their builders use the sky to determine the change of seasons and other important dates. Stonehenge in the UK was built as a way to observe alignments of sun and moon rises and sets. Orion Lawlor, Wikimedia Commons After the telescope was invented in the early 1600s, it wasnt long before people were building large ones and mounting them in buildings to protect them from the elements and support their enormous weights. Over the centuries, scientists learned to make better telescopes, outfit them with cameras and other instruments, and the serious study of the stars and planets and galaxies moved forward. Each leap in technology reaped an immediate reward: a better view of objects in the sky for astronomers to study. Galileo offering his telescope to three young women seated on a throne. Painting by unknown artist. Library of Congress. Modern Observatories Fast-forward to todays professional research facilities and we find advanced technology, Internet connectivities, and other equipment pushing huge amounts of data out to astronomers. Observatories exist for nearly every wavelength of light in the electromagnetic spectrum: from gamma rays to microwaves and beyond. Visible-light and infrared-sensitive observatories exist on high peaks throughout the world. Radio telescope dishes dot the landscapes, seeking out emissions from active galaxies, exploding stars, and more. Gamma-ray, x-ray, and ultraviolet observatories, as well as a few infrared-sensitive ones, orbit in space, where they can gather their data free of Earths heat and atmosphere as well as humanitys tendency to spread radio signals out in all directions. A setting full moon provides a backdrop for the Very Large Telescope complex in Paranal, Chile. This is one of several high-altitude observatories in South America alone. ESO   There are a great many famous observing facilities out there, including the Hubble Space Telescope, the infrared-sensitive  Spitzer Space Telescope, the planet-finding  Kepler Telescope, a gamma-ray explorer or two, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and a number of solar observatories all in space. If we count the probes to the planets, plus a telescope and some instruments on the International Space Station, space is bristling with our eyes and ears on the cosmos. A sample of telescopes (operating as of February 2013) at wavelengths across the electromagnetic spectrum. Several of these observatories observe more than one band of the EM spectrum. NASA The best known Earth-based observatories include the Gemini and Subaru telescopes on Mauna Kea in Hawaii, which sit on the mountain along with the twin Keck telescopes and a slew of radio and infrared facilities.  The southern hemisphere boasts the observatories of the European Southern Observatory collective, the Atacama Large-Millimeter Array radio telescopes, a collection of visible-light and radio observatories in Australia (including the telescopes at Siding Spring and Narrabri), plus telescopes in South Africa and on Antarctica. In the United States, the best-known observatories are on Kitt Peak in Arizona, the Lick, Palomar, and Mt. Wilson observatories in Southern California, and the Yerkes in Illinois. In Europe, observatories exist in France, Germany, England, and Ireland. Russia and China also have a number of institutions, as well as India and parts of the Middle East. There are too many to list here, but the sheer number testifies to the worldwide interest in astronomy . Want to Visit an Observatory? So, can regular people visit an observatory? Many facilities offer tours and some give peeks through a telescope on public nights. Among the best-known public facilities is Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles, where visitors can look at the Sun during the day and look through a professional scope at night. Kitt Peak National Observatory offers public nights through much of the year, as does the Foothill Observatory in Los Altos Hills, California, Palomar Observatory (during the summer months), the University of Colorados Sommers-Bausch facility, a select number of the telescopes on Mauna Kea in Hawaii, and many others. There is a complete list here.   Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles, CA, is open to the public and provides stargazing opportunities, exhibits, and a planetarium for visitors to learn about the universe. Matthew Field,  via Creative Commons Attribution-Share-alike 3.0 license. Not only can visitors get a chance to see some fascinating objects through a telescope at these places, they get a full behind-the-scenes look at how a modern observatory works. Its well worth the time and effort, and makes a wonderful family activity!

Case Study Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper - Case Study Example onal leader because he gets involved in every activity that is taking place in his businesses, allowing each employee to have a chance to make certain recommendations on ways of improving different projects and activities. Branson is an exceptional servant leader who leads from the front and works to benefit both his employees, and clients. Sir Branson does understand that the failure is part of life. However, he urges all his employees to fail because that is the only way they can learn to correct their mistakes. So often, as Branson notes, people fear failure yet the only way one can learn to do anything is buy learning how to do it. If everyone is fearful that the mistakes may cost him or her job, Branson opines that that is a sure way of failing in becoming successful (Scouller, 2011). He tells of his past as a good way of learning how to deal with life because the rules sometimes hinder people from achieving their best in life. However, if one looks beyond what the rules offer, the success of the company will be nesting on that particular end. The regulations in place do not hinder the success of the company but are a boost towards rising above the status quo. In fact, Branson urges all his employees to be bold enough to challenge themselves by taking up new challenges and working towards realizing their goals. Th e aim is to build an enterprise that points towards success rather than remain etched in the confines of one’s fears (Howell, 2012). Many people also fail to understand that concentrating on a goal is the best way of overcoming any fear. At a young age, Branson was diagnosed with dyslexia, and performed poorly in the normal classroom structures. However, that did not kill his dream (Howell, 2012). He went on to start a magazine that gave the youth a voice, and since then, he has never looked back in regret. He shows his employees that what makes them fail is their inability to get past their failures and fears. He shows them that the best way of

Organisation behaviour--business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organisation behaviour--business - Essay Example Emotional intelligence is such factor; emotional intelligence (EI) can be characterized as a quite complex framework, incorporating many different elements, as indicatively presented in Graph 1, Appendix. The relation between the EI and the employee performance is critically discussed in this paper. The theories and the empirical studies that have been developed in the specific field have been used in order to explore whether EI is related and at what level to the employee performance. It is revealed that EI has a key role in the increase of employee performance, but this role is likely to be perceived differently in organizations with different structure and culture. In any case, EI and employee performance are closely related being depended on one another using different paths and methods of interaction, as explained in the studies presented below. 2. Emotional intelligence and employee performance – presentation and analysis of their relation In accordance with Sala, Druska t and Mount (2006) emotional intelligence (EI) can directly affect the employee performance in the following way: employees are expected to interpret differently their leader’s decisions. ... The above problem becomes more critical because of the following fact: employee intelligence of employees cannot be controlled by the leader of the organization; on the contrary, employee intelligence is related to the background, knowledge and personal experiences reflecting the freedom of employees to develop their own views as members of the organization. In other words, the control of employee intelligence within a particular organization would be in opposition to morals and ethics. Moreover, the actual views of employees on one or more organizational issues are quite difficult to be retrieved; from this point of view, employee intelligence in the organization cannot be controlled because of its nature, being involved in personal thoughts, cognitive capabilities and emotions. The above conditions do not affect the importance of EI in the workplace. In fact, EI is closely related to job performance, as noted by many theorists who studied the particular field. At a first level,â₠¬â„¢ a positive relation has been identified between the job performance and the emotion recognition accuracy’ (Elfenbein, Marsh and Ambady 2002, in Sala, Druskat and Mount, 2006, 168). Another aspect of emotional intelligence is presented in the emotional intelligence model of Tao de Haas (2005, see Graph 2, Appendix). In the specific model it is made clear that EI is based on empathy – the ability to identify/understand the feelings of others; it is on this psychological characteristic that the responses of the employee in the workplace are based; in any case, a high level of EI would require an excellent ability to understand and manage the personal

Establishing Special Courts Catering to Human Trafficking Cases Essay Example for Free

Establishing Special Courts Catering to Human Trafficking Cases Essay Last 2012, Ms. Joy Ngozi Ezeilo, an envoy from the United Nations visited the Philippines to observe the situation of human trafficking in the country. Ms. Ezeilo stated that â€Å"the Philippines is undoubtedly a source country for human trafficking, and the problem is not declining. † One of the solutions she proposed to address the problem were special courts catering to human trafficking cases. (Reyes, 2012. ) Human trafficking thrives in poverty lack of education, which are the main catalysts for individuals to be ushered into trafficking. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008. These are some of the problems the government is facing, and the two are very interconnected because they are the cause and effects of each other. Poverty leads to lack of education, and lack of education leads to poverty. The government is doing what they can to help minimize the issue, but they admit that it would take some time. (Sisante, 2008. ) Education is a way to combat trafficking, due to the fact that education leads to decent employment, and a well-informed individual would be more aware of the dangers of being trafficked, thus preventing it to happen in his/her life. However, ideal this may sound, it is not possible to solve poverty and lack of education in a snap. There has to be other solutions to consider that could be done now and would have a great impact. The establishment of special courts tackling specifically human trafficking-oriented cases is a practical solution that would greatly expedite the process of punishing human traffickers and by extension greatly reduce the number of cases of human trafficking in the Philippines, helping alleviate its social, economic, and political consequences. Before special courts as a solution is to be discussed any further, it is important to define what a special court is. Specialized courts are defined by the International Journal for Court Administration as â€Å"tribunals of narrowly focused jurisdiction to which all cases that fall within that jurisdiction are routed. † (Zimmer, 2009) The following paragraphs are going to discuss the counterarguments against special courts, and would be briefly refuted before the three main arguments in favor of special courts are presented. The opposition may claim special courts as an unnecessary expenditure and inaccessible. They claim that it is unnecessary because the creation of new courts is onerous and constitutes unnecessary expenditures, particularly if cases are seasonal, and funds could go to waste if it remains idle. (Zimmer, 2009. ) The creation of a court would automatically imply expenditures. The court has to pay for the administrative costs, the physical court, and other expenses needed to assist the victims, like court psychiatrists. It would also require effort on the judiciary, and the Supreme Court, due to the fact that special courts have to be set-up with care in order for its potential in eliminating cases to be maximized. Zimmer, 2009) However, funding is not a strong argument, because the government has money. It is the proper allocation of the funds, or budgeting that is in question. The government has established special courts for environmental cases in 2008, 117 to be exact. (Salaveirra, 2008) If the government has placed effort enough to set up courts to save the environment, shouldn’t it be a priority to set up courts to fight for human trafficking victims, who have been robbed of their rights? Human rights should always be kept in the priority list of the government. Recently, it has been reported that the government is funding the Department of Health with 500 million pesos for contraceptives for the year 2013. One of their aims was to ‘combat poverty’. (Fernandez, 2012. ) This shows that the government tries to prioritize the poor, however it just shows that they haven’t thought of more practical ways to combat poverty, without being morally questionable, and without robbing humans the right to life. Chief Justice Puno stated that preservation of human rights and the right to life should be considered more than the financial burden a special court entails. Rempillo, 2007. ) This is what the special court for human trafficking should be for, to fight for rights. A $1. 5 million budget or almost ? 65 million is allotted by the national government to support operations against human trafficking, prosecution of offenders, and for the protection of the public. (IACAT, 2012. ) The special courts would allow this budget to be maximized to its full potential in expediting human trafficking cases. Public access could also be limited. Some judges prefer not to be in a special court setting because it limits their trials to criminal cases. Bakker, 1997) Public access may also be limited due to the fact that you cannot establish it everywhere, and the judges are most likely to stay in their respective courts. If public access is considered a problem, then strategically locating these physical courts would be the solution. To place special courts in accessible areas in which the cases are numerous could actually help the victims to easily access justice. Some judges may not want to be in a special court setting because it limits their trials to specific criminal cases. (Bakker, 1997. However, this could turn into an advantage because if they keep seeing the same class of cases over and over again, they could render out decisions faster and more efficiently, due to a better understanding of the cases that they deal with. (Zimmer, 2009. ) There are three solutions to human trafficking: prosecution, prevention, and protection. (EHTN, n. d. ) The establishment of special courts would aid in prosecution, due to the speedy justice it serves, prevention, since it is an effective deterrent for criminals involved, and protection, due to its aims in protecting the victims, and the witnesses during the timeframe of the case. The following paragraphs would elaborate more on why special courts should be established. Firstly, special courts would aid in prosecution and are practical. This is supported by the prevalence of human trafficking, the poor enforcement of justice, specifically in human trafficking cases, the need to distinguish human trafficking as a family of cases that should be differentiated from labor contract violations, the legal precedents such as previous special courts set-up for heinous crimes, and the successful implementation of human trafficking courts in other nations. Human trafficking is a serious issue in the Philippines. As pointed out by the UN envoy Ezeilo, the Philippines is a source country for human trafficking. (Reyes, 2012. ) This is due to the fact that when Filipinos go abroad for work opportunities, they get vulnerable to recruitment by fraudulent recruitment agencies. Internal trafficking is also a serious issue because forced labor, prostitution, child labor, and other forms of trafficking are victimizing people who are moving from rural areas to urban centers. [para, US Department of State, 2011 as cited by (â€Å"Human Trafficking in East Asia Pacific.. , n. d. )] The rise of human trafficking cases in the Philippines, particularly in the Visayas region, is 97% in 2012, in comparison to the cases filed in 2010. There were 436 human trafficking victims in Central Visayas alone. (â€Å"State prosecutors see increase.. †, 2012) Another alarming detail is the prevalence of child labor. There has been an estimation of more than 2. 2 million working children aged 15-17 in the country. (US Department of State, 2011. as cited by (â€Å"Human Trafficking in East Asia Pacific.. †, n. d. It is also believed that 60,000-100,000 Filipino children are involved in prostitution rings. (Challenger, 2010. ) The previous information stated imply that there are thousands of potential cases to be filed, and special courts would help in fast-tracking the cases to avoid backlog, and to insure fair and speedy justice. The government has fallen short in the enforcement of justice in dealing with human trafficking cases. There were 680 pending or ongoing cases, and an additional 129 cases pending at the Department of Justice during the year 2012. â€Å"Trafficking in Persons.. †, 2012. ) This shows a huge amount of backlog and ongoing cases, which shows the prevalence of the cases, and the lack of efficiency on the part of the judiciary when it comes to dealing with human trafficking cases. In the Philippines, it takes three to four years to conclude human trafficking cases, which supports the previous statement about the inefficiency of the judiciary. Human trafficking is a family of cases. It is an organized criminal activity in which human beings are treated as possessions to be controlled and exploited. Forms of human trafficking include sex trafficking, forced labor, child labor, selling of organs, and recruitment of children in military work, are forms of human trafficking. (â€Å"Human Trafficking: Organized Crime.. †, 2012) These crimes (except for the selling of organs) are usually confused with labor contract violations, in which the special court would come in handy. In 2012, there have only been two out of twenty-nine traffickers convicted for labor exploitation, showing that the judiciary is not paying enough attention to it. â€Å"Trafficking in Persons †, 2012. );(Reyes, 2012. ) The special court would help differentiate the two, and allow the human trafficking cases to be dealt with properly. (â€Å"Trafficking in Persons †, 2012) Expertise and uniformity are traits of special courts, and could be put to good use so that there is consistency in applying the law. The expertise of judges in specialized courts are likely to produce better decisions in t he respective cases and are less likely to generate appeals to be taken. (Zimmer, 2009. ) The judiciary has established several special courts for other cases, which gives a legal precedent for human trafficking courts. The Administrative circular no. 104-96 from the Supreme Court discusses the establishment of special courts that cater to heinous crimes for speedy and efficient justice. (â€Å"Administrative Circular No. 104-96†, 1996) This document shows that special courts have been done before, so it implies that it can be done again. Environmental courts, extrajudicial killings, and tax courts are some of the examples of special courts established in the Philippines. Representative Mel Senen Sarmiento of the first district of Samar is pushing for the creation of special courts for human trafficking, saying that â€Å"the Philippines is close to Somalia and Myanmar as regards trafficking, merchandising their people like cattle. If congress can create courts for drug traffickers why not a court for human traffickers too? (Quirante, 2010. ) In other nations such as Dubai and India, special human trafficking courts have been effectively established. Dubai believes that the special human trafficking courts established would speed up cases. Constantine, 2010. ) Meanwhile, the human trafficking court in Mumbai disposed a large backlog of cases in a span of a year, which included 438 cases, and convictions in 81 cases. It also ordered the closure of 11 brothels. (â€Å"US Officials Impressed†, 2011) This proves that it is an effective solution to exercise justice, and to help bring criminals behind bars. A political benefit that the Philippines could gain from establishing special courts is the improvement of the nation’s ranking in the United States’ Trafficking in Persons Report. Currently, the nation is ranked in tier 2, which means that the country is making significant efforts to fight human trafficking, but it does not yet meet minimum standards. Why should the nation take an effort in improving our tier ranking? If the nation falls into tier 3, the US would withhold or withdraw non-humanitarian, non-trade-related foreign assistance as a consequence. (â€Å"Tiers: Placement †, 2011) This is important because not only would the country be able to maintain the implementation of rights, but also maintain good diplomatic relations with the United States. Secondly, special courts would help prevent human trafficking. This is due to the fact that the courts would be an effective deterrent to the criminals involved in the crime. It would lessen the economic advantages and benefits that make the industry appealing to people, and it would help alleviate the economic and political consequences of human trafficking. When the suspects, and people who are interested in getting involved in the industry, see that justice is being enforced, they will eventually act on their fear of being caught and possibly stop in their advances. If not, the possibility of them being caught could possibly increase as society becomes more and more aware of human trafficking, and more confident in filing complaints as they see justice being served. Not only would it put criminals behind bars, but it would also put their name to shame. In the first quarter of 2013, a new law was signed by President Benigno Aquino. Republic Act 10364, the Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012, removed the confidentiality provision in the previous law, RA 9208. RA 9208 does not allow the names and circumstances of the victims and the criminal to be made public at any stage of investigation, rescue, prosecution and trial. With the confidentiality clause removed, this allows the public to know the identity of the criminals, so as not to risk being victimized by them. (Punay, 2013. ) With the special court at hand, the criminals would not only be humiliated publicly, but they will be put to justice quickly. Special courts could aid in alleviating the loss of human resources due to trafficking. In human trafficking, the labor force is misused and therefore, is kept from contributing to the nation’s economy that causes the loss of revenue. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008) The labor force should be able to provide for their family and contribute to taxes for the betterment of the nation, but with the potential labor force being exploited in human trafficking, this does not allow them to do so. With putting the criminals behind bars in a more efficient way, it prevents people from being trafficked in the first place. Special courts could also eventually help stop the unlawful distribution of national wealth, and influences markets, political power, and societal relations. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008) Traffickers affect fair competition due to the fact that some companies outsource their productions for a cheaper price, not knowing that trafficked people are used in the factories. Traffickers make 32 billion annually. Not only is it untaxed, but people who actually provided the labor do not gain from this. (â€Å"An Introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008. ) Special courts would also lessen human trafficking’s political implications due to illegal immigration. Migration policies are tightened because of illegal immigration. Due to these policies, victims are forced to enter other countries illegally, and when they are caught, the may be considered as collaborators which makes the implementation of rights as an issue. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008. ) This could also lead to giving people difficult time in looking for better work opportunities abroad, due to the fact that they could not migrate easily. It benefits people in a way that trafficking could be prevented, but traffickers find other ways to get the victims through the borders. Trafficking victims and smuggled people are different because smuggled people gain their freedom when they reach their destination while trafficked victims are not. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008. ) With the courts established, and the criminals sent behind bars, the opportunity for them to traffic more innocent people in ther nations, where they are subject to human rights violations. It is important to refer to the Mumbai Special court, that was successful in eradicating trafficking in the city to some extent due to the closing of human-trafficking related businesses, and justice being served to the criminals. (â€Å"US Officials Impressed †, 2011) Lastly, special courts would reintegrate the victim to society faster. Human trafficking, as a grave violation to human rights, has a psychological effect on victims. The protection of the victims and the witnesses during the timeframe of the case’s trial is also a vital need required of the law, and without this protection, the timeframe is lengthened. There is also a need to make society realize that the victim was at no fault to push it to accept the victim again. How do these things contribute to faster reintegration of the victim to society? Psychological and medical help is required of the law, and it is the court’s duty to make sure that the victim gets to enjoy these benefits. RA 9208, 2003. ) Most human trafficking victims experience post-traumatic stress, which should be brought into attention so that it could be alleviated, thus helping the victim live a normal life again. (Williamson, Dutch, Clawson, 2012. ) This is due to the victims being drugged or being deprived of their basic needs such as food as â€Å"motivation† to work by their traffickers. (Challenger, 2010. ) It is presumed that the specialized court wou ld assist the victims properly, and according to their needs. (Reyes, 2012. ) Another responsibility of the court is to ensure protection of not only the victim, but also the witness. It is required by the Anti-Trafficking law. (RA 9208, 2003. ) This would insure protection so that both victims and witnesses won’t be afraid to tell the truth. (Reyes, 2012. ) Dubai believes that the special human trafficking court would provide a safe environment for witnesses. (Constantine, 2010. ) Fear suppresses the implementation of justice. Fear of retaliation causes the victims and/or witnessed to withdraw or decline cooperation which leads to a lengthy trial. In 2010, only 3 trafficking cases were assisted by the Department of Justice due to unwillingness of the victims. (US Department of State, 2011. as cited by (â€Å"Human Trafficking in East Asia Pacific.. †, n. d. ) The less time it takes to conclude the case, the easier it is for the victim to cooperate, because in slow trials, there is a fear of the possibility of the accused party could retaliate and scare off the victim and/or witnesses. In Philippine Special Courts, mandatory continuous trial that should be terminated within 60 days and the decision should be rendered within 30. â€Å"Administrative Circular No. 104-96†, 1996) This timeframe is reasonable enough to allow the court to collect evidences and investigate, and for the judge to study the case well in order to render a fair decision. Special courts, when they implement justice, would help society realize that the victim was not at fault. It would help society accept the victim. In most cases, being traff icked affects the social stigma of the victim, who is disapproved for returning without promised wealth. Society has the tendency to blame the victim for disgracing his/herself and his/her family due to the fact that they don’t realize that the trafficker is at fault, and not the victim. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008. ) With the special court, it would be made clear that the victim was, indeed a victim, and did not consent to the injustices that he/she suffered. This would also show that the government is, indeed, taking the issue seriously, and will do what they can to make sure that the offenders pay for their crimes. It would also help society become aware of the seriousness of human trafficking as an issue in the country. The establishment of special courts is a good and practical solution that could be immediately applied by the nation. With the implications that the establishment of the special courts is to be well-studied by the judiciary for good implementation, resulting in good, educated decisions in choosing qualified staff, strategic placement of physical courts, then the special court would be maximized in helping towards the eradication of human trafficking.

Animal Farm Diary Entries :: Animal Farm Essays

Animal Farm Diary Entries Old major I am getting closer and closer to death. These last few years of my life have been haunted by terrible thoughts of REVOLUTION!!!! I need to tell the other animals about these thoughts. I don’t know what they will think. They may object to them greatly or they may see it as a way to be set free, but other animals will have different opinions. The cat is a household pet his life is good. He never has to do any work. He will not be keen. However there are animals like pigs that live for one purpose, to be killed. They will be keen. I will confront the animals soon. Snowball Old major rounded all the animals in the barn today. What he said shocked us all. He obviously had been thinking about it for a long time. He told each what our fate was; usually it was to be slaughtered. Instantly most of the animals realised that they should provoke this revolution or be killed. I am happy to help because it is inevitable Mr. Jones’ cold hands will slaughter me if I don’t help. Its just my mind is flooded with thoughts of what could go wrong. How would we get food? How would we run the farm? Won’t other people just come to claim the farm? So many things could go wrong but if we succeeded it would have a huge effect on not just this farm but on surrounding farms too. We could provoke these farms to follow our example. Soon animals would be seen as equals next to men. There’s even a possibility that we could be seen as superior. I say the revolution should happen and it will happen. Revolution is coming to Manor farm! Napoleon Today something happened, it was inevitable, it had to happen sometime. I knew it. Old Major gathered all the animals in the barn. He began to lay the foundations for a revolution. I admire him very much to have the courage to oppose Mr. Jones. I now am sure Mr. Jones’ rule will be other within the year. The animals want a revolution and they will get one. Revolution, I see it as a time when one person loses something and another gains something. I wish to be the one to gain. I have always been the runt in the litter, now I will become superior to everyone else. I know I can. Mr. Jones will die and I will live and my life will be great. It’s all because of revolution. People will die and I will benefit.

English Studies Reflection paper Essay

One should assume that in taking an Intro to English course that they would be formally and informally introduced to English. However, that assumption escaped me. I didn’t know that we would explore so many avenues for English as a major, but I’m pleased that we did. This journey through the various areas of English has both enlightened me and piqued my interest. While I entered into this course feeling very confident with the path that I wanted to travel, I am now a bit more open-minded about additional ways to reach my destination; which is English Education. As an English teacher I can see the roles that each area of study that we covered could potentially play in education for me as well as my future students. When I consider Publishing Studies and what it has to offer, I immediately think of projects I could assign my students. Publishing studies takes a book in its skeletal state and constructs all the layers until it becomes a live and fully functioning piece of art. Publishing studies in a sense is the production phase of the books we read. It is where the book goes to develop. It starts with the brains of the operation or the writer. Once the writer creates the manuscript it is then passed on to the heartbeat of the process. There are various organs within that cause the heart to function. Those organs include the designer of the cover, the designer of the layout and even the editors. The area of production studies is a well-oiled machine working to produce the fully developed body of the writers’ creation. However, without linguistics what words would the writer use to even create such a masterpiece?

Bank of America Business Analysis

Bank of America is one of the world's largest financial institutions, serving individual consumers, small and middle sized market businesses and large corporations with a vast array of products and services. From multi-million dollar loans to thousands of ATM’s throughout the United States and overseas, Bank of America is among the world's leading wealth management companies’ and is a global leader in corporate business. Bank of America Business Capital provides asset-based credit facilities of $10 million or more throughout the United States, Canada and Europe for manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and service businesses. Bank of America is currently listed as number 5 on the Fortune Global 500 annual ranking of America’s largest corporations. However, they did not place within the top 100 of fortune 500 companies to work for in 2009 (CNN. com money magazine, 2009). Bank of America operates in more than 10 countries including regions in Europe, Asia, and Central and South America. With operations in such a wide range of selected countries Bank of America (BOA) has to deal with differing legal and cultural aspects which can relate to the amount of risk the management is willing to accept. This risk includes what is called systematic political risk. â€Å"As a rule, a country’s political processes do not treat foreign operations unfairly. If they did, few companies would hazard the investment† (Daniels et. al, p. 105, 2011). The differing market and legal systems, ranging from common law to theocratic law and a mixed system, etc could make room for trouble for BOA’s international business if the interpretation of the laws are not the same. Similarly, economic risk is the likelihood that certain events or changes in the economic status or a company or will cause drastic changes adversely affecting profits and other goals. The ability to measure and understand risk and determining which risk is acceptable is a key factor of success with any international business venture. This along with political risk will have to be managed forecasted effectively to judge the outcome of any changes to governmental, import, or export changes as they could affect the profits and or losses which could ultimately affect a company’s ability to repay a loan that was granted by BOA. Although the 2011 CFO Outlook reports that â€Å"U. S. companies overall are highly involved in foreign markets and are forecasting international sales growth in 2011† (2011 CFO Outlook), if I were a political consultant for BOA, I would highly caution them with respect to venturing into a country where they are not willing to accept our form of economic feasibility or where the GDP does not represent strength as it relates to longevity within the economy. It would be far too difficult to influence change within an entire culture just to add breadth to the organization. Furthermore, without the ability to measure and understand the end state of a cultural shift, the foreign business opportunity may be at risk of unacceptable losses especially where healthcare costs and costs of materials are concerned (2001 CFO Outlook). Bank of America is changing because its customers are changing. In the 2009 Financial Report Brian T. Moynihan, Chief Executive Officer and President of BOA said â€Å"There is nothing more important to our more than 280,000 Bank of America teammates and me than our belief that there’s a right way to do business — an approach that balances our responsibilities to all our stakeholders. This belief has guided our efforts as we’ve worked to help customers, clients and communities ride out the economic storm. † He also went on to say that the most pressing need is the overhaul of loan modifications. The pressing need for this is â€Å"to help families and businesses manage their monthly cash flow to get through the crisis. † However, BOA is making strides ahead of some of the other financial institutions. They repaid the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) in December of 2009 although they reported a net loss applicable to common shareholders of $2. 2 billion (BOA 2009 Financial Report). This has proved to work fine for common law states but it would prove to be much more difficult in civil law or a mixed system and just about impossible in theocratic law system. BOA has a code of conduct or ethics as they call it as a significant part of their processes used to manage risk. They train their associates to mitigate risk and set high standards for their associates. This provides a framework for the associates to conduct themselves with the highest integrity in delivering products or services to their customers. â€Å"We instill a risk-conscious culture through communications, training, policies, procedures, and organizational roles and responsibilities. Additionally, we continue to strengthen the linkage between the associate performance management process and individual compensation to encourage associates to work toward enterprise-wide risk goals. † (Brian T. Moynihan, BOA 2009 Financial Report). This is vitally important for the company to extend these ethics to the workforce overseas as the importation and adoption of the headquarters mindset will ensure that host nation workers will also adhere to the higher standards associated with conducting business with BOA. It is just a good business practice to ensure that wherever you operate, you share the same vision that will foster success and continued best practices. Although I did not find any social programs during my research on BOA, I did notice when I was in Panama that they have Panamanian and American workers employed. I would presume to say that, just as in any working environment the management would establish some sort of informal program amongst its workers. And seeing how BOA strives with its code of ethics this could be not far from the truth as bonds are made as the people work together daily. In conclusion, BOA has done quite well for themselves and that is directly attributed to the high standard set by the corporate office and CEO Brian T. Moynihan. As one of the world banking leaders it would do them well to continue to look toward the future of expanding and exploring other joint ventures locally and internationally. They would do well to guide their investment strategy and actions by monitoring the consumer deposits, credit card services, and investment management as an indicator of the overall economic status and potential growth of their joint ventures. References http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2009/full_list/index.html

Global Warming and its Correlation to Overpopulation essays

Global Warming and its Correlation to Overpopulation essays In today's society we as a population are concerned with our ever-changing environment. One of the largest concerns in our ecosystem is overpopulation and the direct impact adhering to global warming. The global climate is increasing steadily, correlating between the population size and human industry. It is a big question right now, if our world has over exceeded its carrying capacity. The fact that the earths non-renewable resources are being rapidly absorbed into industry, will eventually lead us to major ecological disasters. Why are we becoming over populated? There are two main reasons to over population. Number one, people are living longer due to the Medical and Technical revolutions. Number two, we are having children at a earlier age; an example of this would be the abundant amount of teen pregnancies. Global warming exists because of over population. "Global warming is believed to be caused by changes in the earth's atmosphere as a result of industrial process."(Leggett 124) This holds true because after the Industrial Revolution man started to utilize more fossil fuels. The constant usage of fossil fuels emits CFCs (carboflourocarbons) into the atmosphere. Due to heavy amounts of deforestation and the destruction of oxygen producing organisms, more carbon than oxygen is being cycled within the atmosphere, generating large openings in our ozone layer. It is because of the tremendous size holes in the ozone, we have what is called global warming. Global warming is so important because it im pacts every living thing in our biosphere. Global warming produces a rise in temperature, alters weather conditions, raises the sea level (melting of the polar caps), animal depletion, shortage in crops, etc. Global warming is increasing so rapidly directly because of the ever so large world population and human production. It is because of the emittance of fossil fuels produced by vehicles and factori...

Slope of Regression Line and Correlation Coefficient

Slope of Regression Line and Correlation Coefficient Many times in the study of statistics it is important to make connections between different topics. We will see an example of this, in which the slope of the regression line is directly related to the correlation coefficient.  Since these concepts both involve straight lines, it is only natural to ask the question, How are the correlation coefficient and least square line related?   First, we will look at some background regarding both of these topics. Details Regarding Correlation It is important to remember the details pertaining to the correlation coefficient, which is denoted by r. This statistic is used when we have paired quantitative data. From a scatterplot of this paired data, we can look for trends in the overall distribution of data. Some paired data exhibits a linear or straight line pattern. But in practice, the data never falls exactly along a straight line. Several people looking at the same scatterplot of paired data would disagree on how close it was to showing an overall linear trend. After all, our criteria for this may be somewhat subjective. The scale that we use could also affect our perception of the data. For these reasons and more we need some kind of objective measure to tell how close our paired data is to being linear. The correlation coefficient achieves this for us. A few basic facts about r include: The value of r ranges between any real number from -1 to 1.Values of r close to 0 imply that there is little to no linear relationship between the data.Values of r close to 1 imply that there is a positive linear relationship between the data. This means that as x increases that y also increases.Values of r close to -1 imply that there is a negative linear relationship between the data. This means that as x increases that y decreases. The Slope of the Least Squares Line The last two items in the above list point us toward the slope of the least squares line of best fit. Recall that the slope of a line is a measurement of how many units it goes up or down for every unit we move to the right. Sometimes this is stated as the rise of the line divided by the run, or the change in y values divided by the change in x values. In general, straight lines have slopes that are positive, negative or zero. If we were to examine our least-square regression lines and compare the corresponding values of r, we would notice that every time that our data has a negative correlation coefficient, the slope of the regression line is negative. Similarly, for every time that we have a positive correlation coefficient, the slope of the regression line is positive. It should be evident from this observation that there is definitely a connection between the sign of the correlation coefficient and the slope of the least squares line. It remains to explain why this is true. The Formula for the Slope The reason for the connection between the value of r and the slope of the least squares line has to do with the formula that gives us the slope of this line. For paired data (x,y) we denote the standard deviation of the x data by sx and the standard deviation of the y data by sy. The formula for the slope a of the regression line is: a r(sy/sx) The calculation of a standard deviation involves taking the positive square root of a nonnegative number. As a result, both standard deviations in the formula for the slope must be nonnegative. If we assume that there is some variation in our data, we will be able to disregard the possibility that either of these standard deviations is zero. Therefore the sign of the correlation coefficient will be the same as the sign of the slope of the regression line.

Analysis of the Marketing Communications Campaign of GAP (Clothing Essay

Analysis of the Marketing Communications Campaign of GAP (Clothing Brand) - Essay Example But Gap Inc. had to start somewhere and by identifying the steps of an integrated marketing communications campaign we will begin to see some similarities. Developing a model for a consumer IMC campaign involves a number of steps. These include identifying target audiences, analysing the situation, setting marketing communications objectives, developing strategies and tactics, setting a budget and evaluating the effectiveness of the campaign. For this assignment, we will look these steps in relation to a mock product and a mock IMC model, and compare them with the successful Gap Inc. clothing brand. Our mock product, to help us make the developed IMC model clear is titled â€Å"non-uniforms†. It is clothing for schoolchildren in western European countries whose schools do not expect students to wear uniforms. If marketed properly, the clothing for schoolchildren will be bought and worn for the same reasons uniforms are worn in schools in the United Kingdom. Only it will not be compulsory and the stock will not be identical. It will be sturdy, basic and strong, cheap, readily available from school and, ideally, promoted by schools. The product is likely to succeed because it is recreating, rebranding and redefining something that is successful in other like countries. According to Articlebase (Sep 2005) school uniforms reduce distraction, promote discipline, reduce fighting and violence, are cheaper and highlight that individuality is not determined by designer clothing. However, the cons are that uniforms stifle self-expression and can be uncomfortable, (Pros and Cons of School Uniforms 2009). By analysing the situation, we find that male primary school students, aged six to 10 do not purchase or choose their own clothing. Therefore, the target group is the parent or carer who chooses and purchases the clothing. Our marketing communications objective is to identify or create a buyer’s problem and solve it. One of the target group’s problems is

Limbic encephalitis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Limbic encephalitis - Essay Example It governs the processes like writing, planning and speaking. (Vincent et al, 2008) As the structure and function of the brain is analysed to some extent, it becomes clear that dealing with brain can be complicated and multifarious, particularly in medical terms. â€Å"Encephalitis, an inflammation of brain parenchyma, presents as diffuse and/or focal neuropsychological dysfunction. From an epidemiologic and pathophysiologic perspective, encephalitis is distinct from meningitis, though on clinical evaluation the two often coexist with signs and symptoms of meningeal inflammation, such as photophobia, headache or a stiff neck.† (Lazoff, 2010). Encephalitis thus affects the brain in full or parts and it results into several behavioural disorders of the patient. The anatomy of brain explains that when affected, the brain fails to regulate the vital functions of human life. The form of encephalitis in which the limbic system is affected is called the limbic encephalitis. Limbic encephalitis involves inflammation of the limbic or intermediate brain. Hence, it can be regarded as an anatomical diagnosis rather than a disease caused by common, specific causative. (Vincent et al, 2008) â€Å"Limbic encephalitis is a condition marked by the inflammation of the limbic system  and other parts of the brain.  The cardinal sign of limbic encephalitis is a severe impairment of short-term memory; however,  symptoms may also include confusion, psychiatric symptoms, and seizures.  The symptoms  typically develop over a few weeks or months, but they may evolve over a few days. Delayed diagnosis is common, but improvements are being made to assist in early detection.  Early diagnosis may improve the outcome of limbic encephalitis.† (National Institutes of Health, 2010) Also, limbic encephalitis can be defined as â€Å"a progressive dementia, often preceded or accompanied by agitation, depression and behavioural disturbances. It is

Socrates and his theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Socrates and his theories - Essay Example Contrary to other philosophers, Socrates devoted his life to serve his people without charging fees (Plato 34). Therefore, to state that Socrates had no or little participation of democracy in Athenian government is entirely true. Socrates perceived democratic form of governance as corrupt, unjust, and he profoundly differed with its ideologies. As a philosopher, Socrates believed in practicality and critical thinking in order for one to improve his or her life. He opposed the idea of the majority being in government, which is one of the fundamentals that form a democratic government. According to Pericles, Socrates lack of recognition in equality through participation of the majority makes him less a democratic citizen (Plato 40). Cleon as portrayed by Thucydides was a diligent supporter of the democratic system of government. In his speech Cleon, upholds the negative aspects of the Athenian rules. Cleon strongly believed that anyone who opposed the Athenian government is subject to punishment (Thucydides 25). Cleon delivered his speech opposing the Mytilenian revolt against Athens. In his speech, Cleon emphasized on certain aspects of democracy discussed by Pericles in his famous funeral oration. These aspects include the implementation of the death row sentence. It is my opinion that as much as Cleon convinced Athenians through his speech that democracy is the answer to peace, order and equality. However, it is vital to consider the opinion of the minority for democracy to be effective and sufficient. Socrates did not support Athenian democratic government because of its ignorance of the minority. In fact, he considered it a tool of oppression. Socrates would highly disagree with Cleon’s speech full of egotistical claims in favor of democratic government. This is because in his speech Cleon does not mention the installation of moral values among the citizens to ensure orderliness. Rather, he emphasizes on the execution of the law whether it is just or bias (Thucydides 30). His speech contrasts Socrates belief in the power of knowledge and critical thinking as opposed to following and serving the law blindly (Plato 56). In his speech Diodotus, stressed on the importance of reasoning before implementing a rule. Diodotus urges the Athenian parliament to reason and strategize before passing a judgment on the Mytilenian revolution. Diodotus opposed Cleon who stood by the rules of law. It is my understanding that Diodotus realized that strategy and tact are essential in implementation of power or rules. As in the case of Athens, they faced a challenge in integrating the other states in their system of governance. This was result of lack of strategy and tact (Thucydides 50). Diodotus in his speech argued that by wise reasoning Athenians would subtly subdue the other states without the use of force. Diodotus argument concurs with Socrates principles of governance and power. Just like Diodotus, Socrates believed in rational conflict solv ing methods. Moreover, in his theories Socrates states that, through critical reasoning, a state can achieve anything it intends to acquire without the use of force. Socrates also believed in knowledge as a tool for personal development. However, Diodotus and Socrates differed in terms of participation in politics. Diodotus was an active figure in policy making while Socrates concerned himself with acquisition of knowledge (Kamtekar 80). In the case of the Mytilenian debate, Diodotus

Communication In Health And Social Care Management

Communication In Health And Social Care Management According to Schneider et. all 2001 and Rogers Maslow , humanistic theory every human being has exceptional and inborn identities and natural potentials. These are the goals that direct them to achieve their full potentials. Maslow defines that individuals have specific requirements and needs which must be met in a hierarchical style and it happens from bottom to top. Another author Rogers has noted that every individual has a particular frame of reference according to their self concept or self regard. These are ones own perception or faith about themselves. It is a theory that highlights on individuals capacity for self track, understanding, basic needs, achievement needs, self-actualization, safety needs etc. According to Maslow, individual should achieve Hierarchy needs in order which are shown below: Lattal and Chase (2003) has noted that behaviorist theory means the way of conditioning through interaction with the environment with no consideration to the mental state. According to them it is a theory related to psychology and it is based on the proposition that behavior can be researched with evidence with no recourse. Behaviorism is mainly relevant to skill development and the substrate of learning. Usually phobias and neurosis treatment can improve individuals behavior significantly. According to Fritscher 2003, it is a theory that attempts to explain human behaviour by understanding the thought processes. In 21st century Greene brothers (2008) have noted that this theory explains social environment in learning. They showed that environment and self have a reciprocal relation. In addition, this theory fix which environmental factors should be observed, when should be observed, what should be conferred on them or whether they have any long lasting effects or is there any emotional or motivating power etc. Another important thing is, usually human beings make the decisions by thought processes. A diagram of cognitive is given below: In 1998, a famous author Nasio states that psycholanalytical theory defines that human mind is compared to an iceberg: we only see a little bit of it (the conscious) peeking out above the vast depths of the unconscious. According to this theory, there are many inner forces outside of peoples awareness those direct their behavior. For example, (assume) Dominika has built up a relationship with a boy recently. Suddenly she started calling him by her ex-boy friends name. the reason of this may be Dominika misspoke her ex-boy friend because of misgiving about new relationship. another author Friedlander (2003) has noted that it is a theory which defines the dynamics of personality, psychoanalytic, psychodynamic and psychotherapy development. This theory helps to treat people with psychological problem in different ages especially who live in multi-cultural societies. Review the application of a range of communication techniques for different purposes used in health and social care work. At this age, proper communication techniques in health and social care are becoming more and more important as service users from different cultures are being added continuously (Moss, 2007). Also effective communication is essential to have good productivity. Windsor and Moonie (2000) define that, communication techniques can be verbal, nonverbal, written, facial/ body language or listening. Verbal: it is way of communication where people communicate face to face. Sounds, words, speaking, and language are the key elements of verbal communication. For social care work verbal communication style is very important as it influences the service users. Social workers should speak slowly, clearly and politely. They should have softness in speaking. Non-verbal: non-verbal communication can be used in Health and social care workplace as well. It is a communication process through sending and receiving wordless messages. Gestures, facial expression, body language, using meaningful symbols, sign languages, touching, vocal nuance etc. are also included in non-verbal communication. It is important because it repeats verbal messages, regulate interactions, become complement to verbal messages etc. Written: written communication is also important like non-verbal and verbal communication. Preservation of our memories can be influenced significantly by written communication. Many researchers think written communication is the most effective and most useful way to communicate in Health and social care workplaces with verbal language as it prevents misunderstanding, helps to remember all important details or, helps to keep important data, helps to educate others, helps to deal with negative feelings, and helps to share knowledge with others and many more. Listening: It is also important. If the social workers do not listen to the service users properly, misunderstandings can happen. Social workers should listen with full concentration of the service users as it is included in codes of practice. Discuss the ways in which communication influences how individuals feel about themselves. Moss (2007) has stated that different types of communication can influence individuals feelings differently. Impersonal and interpersonal communications are two of them. Impersonal communication means the way to treat people as objects or respond to their roles rather than to who they are as unique people which is normally impersonal and superficial. Usually people communicate by impersonal way. It can make a rational choice to protect people willingly but it doesnt get them too close. People do not feel very good by this communication method. Conversely, according to Greene and Burleson (2003), interpersonal communication is a special form of unmediated human communication that occurs when we interact simultaneously with another person and attempt to mutually influence each other, usually for the purpose of managing relationships. It usually occurs simultaneously while people are talking and listening. For example, it can be observed by their- eye contact, clothing, body posture, and facial expressions. People usually feel happy with this communication method and it is very useful to apply in health and social care workplaces. Describe ways of dealing with inappropriate interpersonal communication between individuals. According to Stacks and Salwen (2008), inappropriate interpersonal communications between individuals begin usually from incorrect use of vocabulary or use of passive vocabulary. It also arises from cultural insensitivity or misinterpretation of body language which can lead to communication gap. There are a few ways to deal with inappropriate interpersonal communication and those can be: Rephrasing or using the simplier words while speaking or communicating. Repeating the words with meaningful gestures. Analyzing the communication gap that has been occurred, spotting and fixing the cultural faux pas and remedying that without delay. Staying Focused and listen carefully. Trying to see their point of view Responding to Criticism with Empathy Using I Messages: Rather than We. Look for Compromise Instead of trying to win the argument, look for solutions that meet everybodys needs. Analyse the use of techniques and strategies for supporting communication between people with specific communication needs. In the UK there are many people like deaf, blind who need specific communication needs and these can be lip-reading, speech to text, electronic notes, sign languages, Braille etc. Anon (n.d.) states that around 242,000 people are deaf-blind and two million people are suffering from hearing loss in the United Kingdom. Research has shown that almost 1.4 million people are using hearing aids regularly. Around 50,000 people use sign language as their preferred language. Many British are using interpreters as well but the ratio of interpreters and service users are significantly low in the UK. Pomegranate mobile phone and these technologies can be used to support these persons. Evaluate workplace strategies, policies and procedures for good practice in communication. According to Best et all (2003), in health and social care workplaces, there must have good practice for workplace strategies, policies and procedures for communication. Good procedures in communication means to follow the privacy policies, not to spread personal information to unauthorized persons, Keeping confidentiality, consent, disciplinary procedures, protecting hharassment, maintaining equal opportunities, having paternity and maternity leave, playing by rules, following data protection acts, not to reveal any data without taking permission etc. Good communication policies and strategies include adoption policy, complaints policy, whistle blowing policy, grievance policy etc. These policies, procedures and strategies help to build up a smooth and friendly workplace. Question 2 Describe physical, cultural and legal influences on communication in health and social care by: 2.1 Analyse how methods of communication are influenced by individual values, culture and ability. Littlejohn Foss (2005) and Samovar et al (2009) have stated that individual values, culture and ability can influence the communication methods significantly in health and social care. Value means the principles, standards, or quality which guides human actions. It also defines the acceptable standards which govern the behaviour of individuals within the organization. Without having such values, individuals will pursue behaviours that are in line with their own individual value systems, which may lead to behaviours that the organization doesnt wish to encourage. Another thing is organizational values which are the beliefs and ideas about what kinds of goals members of an organization should pursue and ideas about the appropriate kinds or standards of behaviour organizational members should use to achieve these goals. It influence communication as it develops organizational norms, makes sense about things are good or bad, which things are more or less important. It also promotes anti discriminatory practice and diversity, protects people from abuse, keeps confidentiality, gives peoples rights to dignity, autonomy, independence and safety, understanding other peoples beliefs and identities. According to them, culture can influence communication method as well. Culture means the values, traditions, worldview, and social and political relationships that are created, shared, and transformed by a group of people bound together by a common history, geographic location, language, social class, and/or religion. It is a dynamic, constantly changing process that is shaped by political, social and economic conditions. It manipulates communication by guiding people in their thinking, feelings, and acting etc. Describe legislation and charters governing the rights of individuals to communicate. There are specific law, legislations and charters governing the rights to communicate and these can be NHS and community care act 1990, sex discrimination act, Disability discrimination act (DDA) etc. Research from Mandelstam (2008) has shown that NHS and community care act 1990 ensures the full independence of the individuals among these legislations and charters,. According to this act, every service user should be shown respect. No one can be discriminated at any way whatever their race, sex, origin, religion, age etc. In addition, everyone including patients with mental health, learning disability, children should be treated as an individual while communicating. everyone should have their communications needs valued and respected, whether they are verbal or non-verbal. The charter sets out the rights for disable people in terms of their disability which includes information, Support and training, Time to communicate, Access to services, Inclusion in social networks, Services from Employers etc. In addition, according to him and Disability act 2006, every person with a communication disability has a right to receive information in a way that they can receive and respond. A wide range of recognized and meaningful symbols, materials, signs, alternative communication methods should be available everywhere for disabled people. employers must provide training for customer-facing staff to offer alternative communication at help desks and service points, e.g. a map, pencil and paper, pictures. Also we know that Every person with a communication disability has a responsibility to identify how they can communicate to exchange information. To do this, they can carry carry a card explaining what the difficulty is, in plain English or explaining what they need to help them at the outset. They should be given enough time to understand as well. In the same time, they should be given positive support from their family, friends and care workers. Discuss the implications in health and social care contexts of legislation and codes of practice relating to records and communication of information about people. According to Dziegielewski (2003) and Trainor (n.d.), keeping record of information in health and social care is very important and sensitive. There are specific law, legislations and codes of practice relating to records keeping and communication of information about people. They can follow European, national or UN law, charters and codes of practice while keeping records. But service providers should keep information by following data protection act 1998. According to this act Personal information must be stored on the case files or in the recording books and it should only be available to those who are directly involved with the care of the Person and to those responsible for the maintenance of good practice and standards. Both Manual and computer records should be stored against unauthorised access. Also, it is not allowed to copy of any documents (including medical records, personal records, political views etc.) for any purpose other than for the purpose of the well-being of th e service users. For example, a social worker may need to send a clients details to a doctor. So, he/she may need to do some copy of his/her clients documents. So, it is allowed by the contexts of legislation. Analyse the effectiveness of organisational systems policies in relation to good practice in communication. Usually organizational systems, policies and procedures are very effective for the good practice in communication. Keyton (2005) noted that every organization has different communication policies in relation to good practice. It builds confidentiality and good relationship among the stakeholders, employees and service users. In addition, communications Policy ensures to use the organizational communications facilities, including internet, email, fax, phone, sms etc. It also guides to use fast and reliable way of communication which has significant advantages for health and social care workplaces. In the same time, it warns to its employees about the dangers and misuse of communication. It also inform to its employees that none can be discriminated during communicating. For example, some people may have difficulty to understand some communication methods. So, good organizational policies will provide a framework or a way to overcome these problems. Values, personal moral qualities, re specting service users dignity and autonomy are also included to good practice in communication and these are usually mentioned in organizational policies. Suggest and justify ways of improving communication systems in a health or care setting. Effective and constructive communication is vital as it helps to support, achievement and well being of our society. The ways to improve communicating systems in health and social care are given below: Having enough employees to accomplish their jobs smoothly. If there is shortage of employee, people may not do their jobs in time. In addition, additional work load may put stress on the staff. As a result, they may not communicate with service users and staff properly. Effective and constructive communication method must be built up among the GP practices, dentists, pharmacists, NHS, emergency services, care trusts. Using both electronic (e-mail, text message, fax, phone etc.) and paper messages (letters, newsletters, leaflets etc) for day to day communication. In addition, having common software to share information or a database system among the partnership organizations can also help to improve communication system. Health and social care officials as well as normal staff should arrange regular meeting among themselves to share their views regarding their progress, future plan etc. Proper implementation of data protection act can also help to improve communication. Demonstrate ability to communicate appropriately using range of techniques. According to Marincek (2001) and Jones Cregan (1986), there are many people in the United Kingdom who need to communicate by special communicating techniques. Especially, children, elderly people, hearing disabled people use these techniques which are given below: Text messaging, using sign language, lip reading, converting speech to text can be used to communicate with deaf people. Probably sign language is the most effective way to communicate with deaf people as it has its own right. It also covers the whole system of communication. On the other hand, text messaging is the easiest way to communicate as almost everyone can read it. But people may not be able to express their emotions by this way. Blind people prefer to use voice recorder, speaking or listening to communicate. Technology can give lots of benefit to blind people. For example, if there is a blind employee in an organization and she/he has to gather data from internet then she/he can be benefited by using voice or audio system. Further, if anyone wants to leave some information to someone who is blind then he can convert his message to voice so that blind receiver can receive it. Basically, I have to be very careful while communicating with communication disabled people. For example, my body position, speaking style, listening style have to be well-developed and I have to be patient so that they can understand me without any difficulty. (Word Count : 1200 Words) Explore the use of information technology in communications in health and social care by: Demonstrate ability to access and use standard IT software, used routinely, to support work in health and social care. Harlow and Webb (2003) stated that every health and social care worker should have good knowledge regarding IT software to support their daily activity. To support my work, I use Microsoft office, Microsoft power point, Microsoft excel, Microsoft access, Microsoft word, spreadsheet, Microsoft outlook, internet, notepad etc. According to Shaffer et al (2007), Microsoft office is very useful to manage day to day activities. I can preserve almost all the documents, work history by using Microsoft office word. Notepad is also useful to take and save the short notes. I use Microsoft office access to create normal database solution, tables, forms, reports, queries, graphs etc. I have to use spreadsheet to support my work as well. It is software by which I can access multiple cells. I can find out any individuals details within a click. For example, I can access to service users details if they just provide me their surnames or dates of birth. Microsoft outlook and internet are one of the most useful software that I use. I use outlook to send and receive any electronic mail. I can save my mails as well if there is no internet connection. I can send those when I get internet connection. I use internet to collect data. Analyse how the use of IT in health and social care benefits service users. Leathard (2003) and Cnaan Parsloe (1989) have shown that information technology benefits both the service users and service providers in various ways in health and social care. Disable people, mental health patients, blind people, deaf people, speechless people and even sometimes healthy people are being benefitted by use of information technology. The ways are described below: Disabled people: According to Hawkridge et al (1985) and Anogianakis Association for the Advancement of Assistive Technology in Europe (1997), information technology has added new scope to disabled peoples life. Now, those who are deaf can use hearing aid to overcome their listening barriers. Blind people are being benefitted by using audio system. Now, they can conduct their day to day activities by this method. Even, now language converter is being used for those people who are not efficient in a common language like English. So, service users can describe their problem elaborately without facing any hassle. Developed service: Now-a-days, all the health care specialists who are authorised can access to patient details. So, they can exchange their views and knowledge regarding their service and patients treatment. As a result, better and improved services are provided to the clients. In addition, patient can get various services from one person. Treatment and medicine: Slee et al (2001) have stated that, now patients can gather data regarding their disease and can get information about the potential medicine. So, patient can discuss with his doctor if there is any mistake in the prescribed medicine. As a result, patient can get escape from a great problem. In addition, e-medicine can boost the knowledge of doctors. All the health care specialists including social workers and service users can gather lots of information by using website as well as internet conferences. Critically evaluate how the IT supports and enhances the activities of care workers and care organisations/agencies. According to Cnaan Parsloe (1989), the activities of a care worker or a care agencys activities can be significantly enhanced by information technology. For example, a care worker can preserve any medical data digitally which is quick and cost effective. Next time, another care worker does not need to waste his or her time to look for clients medical report or medication history. She/he can get it easily and quickly if she/he is efficient in IT. It also reduces work load and care workers or care organizations can concentrate on other tasks quickly. Another important thing is, doctors can be benefited from IT significantly. For example, the GPs can use a software where all medical and drug information will be pre-saved. So, all information regarding to that drug will be shown automatically while prescribing that to a patient. It can save lots of time because doctors or care workers then will not need to look for the information regarding any medicine. To implement this, a very good network and communication between pharmacists and doctors is essential. Analyse health and safety legal considerations in the use of IT. The health and safety legal considerations should come to light in the use of information technology because inappropriate use of IT can damage employees health. Even it has a long term effect on physical condition. According to Koreneff (2005), employees health and safety matters must be considered in the workplace. Those who usually work in front of computer screen or anything like that may suffer from eye strain, headache, back pain, fatigue etc. Employees should take regular break or change the activity for 10 minutes after doing one hour works to prevent this. They should keep their body in a right posture to prevent back pain. Right posture includes keeping back side supported, head up, hands relaxed, knees are leveled with hip, feet are flat with floor, screen is directly in front and not in angle etc. Hands and wrists are usually most comfortable when forearm is nearly at a right angle to upper arm and wrist is in a straight line with hand and forearm. Complain should be made against an organization if that fails to provide these types of workplace. Employers must provide a workplace for the employees which will meet all the requirements of health and safety to use IT.

Paul Monettes Love Alone :: Poetry Poem Poet Essays

Paul Monette's Love Alone Loss. Grief. Mourning. Anger. Disbelief. Emotions are in abundance when a loved one passes away. People need to find a way to cope with the situations and often need to express themselves by writing their feelings down in order to get them out. This is exactly what Paul Monette does in his book of poetry title â€Å"Love Alone† in remembrance of his companion Rog. Through writing his poetry Monette describes his emotions and the events that occurred during Rog’s battle with AIDS. By Monette’s transitioning through different emotions, the reader begins to understand the pain the author is dealt. Touching upon Kubler-Ross’ five stages of death including denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance, Monette transitions to Rog’s decline in health. Using different fonts and no punctuation, the lines are interpreted by the reader using instincts to know when to begin and end a sentence. Evident in the poems â€Å"The Very Sameà ¢â‚¬ , â€Å"The Half-life†, and â€Å"Current Status†, Monette gives a description of loss that makes the reader tingle. The poem â€Å"The Very Same† was written at Rog’s funeral. Family and friends of Paul try to get him to move on but Monette, being insulted to think that he can move on so quickly, does not adhere to the advice. Monette felt a special connection with Rog and felt as if a part of him died when Rog died He felt as if he lost his other half. To express the intonation in which the reader should interpret the poem different styles of font express the emotions and give the tone of Monette’s voice. â€Å"BUT THIS IS MY PAGE IT CANNOT BE TURNED†(Monette 20). Written in all capital letters the reader interprets this as an exclamatory remark. The italics on â€Å"is† emphasizes that word should be stressed. Monette is very angry at this point that everyone is telling him to move on, to â€Å"turn the page.† But he feels as if there is no page to turn to. He and Rog were one soul in two bodies. How can someone live with half a s oul. The use of italics is interpreted as a softened way of speaking.