Saudi EFL Learners Awareness of World Englishes-(Second Language Essay

Saudi EFL Learners Awareness of World Englishes-(Second Language Varieties) - Essay Example The essential methods by which these streams and systems are built up and kept up is using a typical contact language. English, the most generally diffused contact language, is the essential semantic channel through which these streams take place†¦ English is subsequently a globalized wonder that is persistently being LOCALIZED during its incalculable communications. The way that globalization is a quick procedure recommends that youngsters should be capable in the English language to be equipped in their universal dealings (Doman, 2005). Because of the wide multiplication of learning English language, different societies have embraced the language and coordinated their own social flavor in it. World Englishes are types of the English language that non-local English speakers use with local English being American and/or British English. Individuals from a specific culture utilize English to suit their own correspondence styles. Thinking about the assortment of societies on the pl anet, there are presently more non-local English-speakers than local speakers (Jenkins, 2006; Canagarajah, 2007). This incorporates Saudi Arabian nationals. 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.3 The Field of World Englishes 'New Englishes' or 'World Englishes' is typically used to allude to the new assortments of English. Mesthrie and Bhatt (2008) express that it has gotten standard to utilize the plural structure 'Englishes' to push the assorted variety to be found in the language today, and to stretch that English no longer has one single base of power, glory and normativity. The creators explain that World Englishes speaks to all assortments aside from the L1 assortments of spots like the UK and USA (Mesthrie and Bhatt, 2008). Accrdoging to Hoffmann and Siebers (2009), what is frequently alluded to as the English language is in truth a heterogeneous and etymologically interesting gathering of first (L1), second (L2) and unknown dialect assortments. A progressively suitable spread term is a ccordingly World Englishes, which features the assorted variety and overall conveyance of these assortments (Hoffmann and Siebers (2009). Salikoko S. Mufwene alludes to the idea of environment, which is the idea obtained from science to give an away from into the arrangement of New Englishes. Focussing on the indigenization of English in North America, Mufwene claims that American English rose as an assortment unmistakable from British English tongues because of a cooperation of a few natural elements (fauna, verdure, and financial structures just as the talking propensities and open needs of a portion of its speakers). Hoffmann and Siebers (2009). Consequently; the particular vernacular of English that emerged in Northern America is an aftereffect of the all inclusive environmental instruments of language contact. Mesthrie and Bhatt underline that sociolinguists need to recognize that network perspectives and desires are significant. Kachru himself recognized that there are numerou s ambiguities, where language mentalities are concerned: The non-local speakers themselves have not had the option to acknowledge what might be named the 'biological legitimacy' of their nativised or neighborhood Englishes. One would have anticipated such acknowledgment, given the cultural assimilation and semantic nativisation of the new assortments. Then again, the non-local models of English (such

Service quality management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Administration quality administration - Research Paper Example Web based banking, for example furnish clients with an upgraded method of running money related procedures and the fast utilization of versatile installment diminish the requirements for conveying money. Be that as it may, a large portion of the occasions banks back office have a large number of workers that are taking care of client demands. This conventional method of executing client demands is exorbitant and moderate, lead to delays in dealing with customer’s necessities and it contains higher blunder rate. In our exploration, clearly the possibility for mechanizing the back office tasks is exists. By overhauling the IT-framework, banks will have the option to offer the equivalent money related types of assistance with littler operational divisions running worth including duties, for example, bargain beginning, advance solicitations, and any budgetary procedure that may require human contribution, for example, monetary audits. In this report, we will inspect and investigat e the procedures of offering money related types of assistance to clients in Dubai. XYZ bank is confronting a great deal of value issues in offering money related types of assistance to its clients. The procedure is setting aside long effort, for instance, once in a while the check procedure is deferred for 7 days, and the bank is enduring the significant expense of its back office. Administration Quality Role in Improving Quality of Services in the Banking Industry: A Case of XYZ Bank Recent years has seen gigantic changes in the business world which have introduced genuine difficulties to the exhibition of organizations. These progressions have been credited to various variables including expanding clients and shareholders’ desires, mechanical headways and expanded rivalry among different elements (Kotler and Keller, 2006, p. 23). The financial business is one of the enterprises that have been enormously affected by the adjustments in the business world and especially the i nnovative progressions. Administration quality is one of the zones that numerous banks have concentrated on with an end goal to increase upper hand over their adversaries. Administration quality is characterized as the total impact of administration exhibitions that are basic in deciding the level or level of fulfillment of a specific client of the administrations being offered or given (Harvey, 2008, p. 584). Quality is seen as what the client sees of a certain conveyed administration by a specific specialist organization. Administration quality would thus be able to be supposed to be the correlation that a client makes between his desires with the administration provider’s execution. Banks utilize the administration quality device to improve their employees’ efficiency and consumer loyalty (David, 2001, p. 86). This paper will examine the job that administration quality plays in improving nature of administrations in the financial business by taking a gander at an in stance of the XYZ bank. It will take a gander at the key issues of the bank, their results and how the bank is managing these issues. Administration quality is a basic determinant and essential of seriousness for making and supporting fulfilling connection between specialist co-op and the clients (Wang and Wang, 2006, p. 4). It is in this way a significant marker and proportion of consumer loyalty and association thusly needs to give more consideration to support quality that can lead an association to increase an enduring upper hand. Banks have uncontrollably utilized help quality as a device of assessing execution of their administration (Berry and Zeithami, 2009, p. 45). The coming of web has inconceivably

How to Tell if You Are an Adrenaline Junkie

How to Tell if You Are an Adrenaline Junkie Addiction Addictive Behaviors Print How to Tell If Youre an Adrenaline Junkie By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on February 08, 2020 Holly Wilmeth / Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Caffeine Internet Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Have you ever been called an adrenaline junkie? The term was first popularly used in the 1991 movie Point Break in reference to people who favor high-risk activities for the rush that accompanies them. Related to this phenomenon, many people seek out high-sensation experiences for the neurophysiological effects. When dependence on these experiences is created as a way of managing stressful situations, however, it might be time to seek treatment. What Is an Adrenaline Junkie? Physiological mechanisms underlying temperament lead people to seek what feels to them like just the right amount of stimulation in a given situation. This experience of just the right amount of stimulation or sensation is deeply interconnected with psychological mechanisms of motivation and varies across people with different personality traits. In fact, a 2016 study of parachute jumpers found that personality is the greatest predictor of whether a person is likely to undertake risky behavior.?? High anxiety sensation seeking may characterize the so-called adrenaline junkie. The Science Behind the Need for Stimulation Capacity for cognitive control is impaired or enhanced depending on whether a given task requires suppression of or attention to various motivational cues, according to a 2010 study.?? The neurobiology behind these processes is complicated and many brain areas are implicated. Activation of the stress response is thought to drive compulsive behavior through negative reinforcement mechanisms. Release of norepinephrine in the amygdala, the area of the brain activated during the stress response, may represent a key component of the transition to dependence, according to a 2009 study.?? Meanwhile, another study focused on the avoidance-type behaviors often found in PTSD. In this 2018 animal study, researchers found that stimulation of the amygdala leads to a decrease in avoidance behaviors.?? The term adrenaline junkie may have you thinking that the noradrenergic system alone is implicated in sensation-seeking behavior. A 2017 review explores how the neurotransmitters, dopamine and serotonin, also have a huge impact on the ability to regulate impulsivity and risk-taking.?? The review also examines how the systems which involve these neurotransmitters are dysregulated in people with substance use disorders. Meanwhile, a 2016 study of so-called adrenaline junkies such as rock climbers found that regular climbers experienced frequent and intense craving states and negative affect when they stopped climbing, similar to individuals with substance use disorders.?? Everyday Sensation-Seeking You don’t have to be a bank robber, skydiver, or another obvious type of danger-seeker to be hooked on the rush that comes from a little stress. In fact, you could be somewhat hooked on stimulation in your everyday life and not realize it. An unconscious need for stimulation may influence the way you manage your schedule, the people you spend time with, and even the way you approach a deadline. A 2010 study suggests that neurotic individuals may create drama and crises in their lives to trigger the body’s stress response and get the rush that comes with the excitement and attenuate their negative mood.?? Extroverted individuals may take risks to reinforce positive experiences. Addiction to stimulation is not currently classified as a disorder in the DSM, however, impulsivity risk-taking behavior is relevant to a number of mental health conditions that may warrant additional treatment, such as ADHD, PTSD, and substance use disorder. Behavioral addictions are also newly becoming recognized as valid psychiatric disorders, with pathological gambling earning a spot in the DSM-5, as explored by a 2015 journal article.?? Treating Compulsive Risk-Taking Behavior While leading an exciting life in and of itself isn’t a problem, unwittingly creating crises for yourself or becoming needlessly engulfed in stressful situations can take its toll. If you tend to create more drama in your life than is necessary, the benefit of becoming aware of it is twofold: You can begin to keep things exciting  but take the crisis edge off, paring down unnecessarily stressful activities and distinguishing the subtle difference between a true crisis and a somewhat overblown situation.You can practice relaxation techniques to reverse your body’s stress response when you find yourself overwhelmed so you don’t experience the full negative effects of chronic stress. Learn more about stress and stress management with these ongoing stress management resources, and take the quiz to find out if youre an adrenaline junkie.

Jane Doe Is A Junior At Riesel High School - 973 Words

Jane Doe is a junior at Riesel High School. She is very involved in a variety of high school activities including; FFA, athletics, cheerleading, and band. Jane and her younger brother have attended school in Riesel since kindergarten. Her father is a police officer in Waco and her mother is a hairdresser. She says her family is a middle class family when compared to others in the Riesel community. She said she was taught the importance of knowing the difference between needs and wants at a young age. Jane feels that quality her parents instilled in her will be beneficial for the rest of her life. Jane informed me that she ranked in the top of her class, and she always takes care of her academics before worrying about her extracurricular activities. Her peers said she is always caring, responsible, and a great leader. Jane completed the Humanmetrics Jung Typology Test, and her results were exactly what she expected. Her type was ESFJ and she scored 9% extravert, 19% sensing, 22% feeli ng, and 22% judging. It says that these type of people are generous entertainers, enjoy being in charge, delegate easily, and is willing to provide service. Jane revealed that she often gives her time to others and wears her emotions on her sleeves. She really enjoyed reading about the self-development and careers for people of her type. On the multiple intelligences test, Jane scored highest in interpersonal. Her next highest multiple intelligences scores were logical, kinesthetic, and

My Leadership Style - 3690 Words

Leaders set vision, strategies, goals, and values in order to guide for desired action and behavior. Leaders are characterized by certain traits which distinguish leaders from non-leaders includes Drive, desire to lead, honesty, cognitive ability, self-confidence and knowledge. Effective leaders must have two major qualities: knowledge and communication competence. Leader needs knowledge of issue and the ways of effectively leading a team. This knowledge will enable leader to identify alternatives available. He also needs to be an effective communicator as equally listener and speaker. Leaders should acquire qualities of flexible, openness, empathetic, courage, interactive, and positive attitude. (†¦show more content†¦But it was not easy for me because this was the first time when I was chosen for the leader of a team. I was so excited to show my leadership skills I got and I was not nervous at all despite this was the first time that I was going to lead a team because I ha d seen my cousin so many times to work as a team leader. She always used to tell me how to work in a team and how to lead in a team. She was an inspiration for me as a leader. The processes involved Next day I started my campaign outside the government hospital. I saw all the team members were on time. I knew that being a leader I had to take care that every team member was getting the things properly. I had to clear that my team member were getting every single thing and understood the things. Communication can be described as â€Å"CREATING UNDERSTANDING†. Communication is very important for a leader. The leader communicates effectively because effective communication decrease resistance, and encourage moving through the change more effectively and positively. The bottom line with all of this is if you screw up communicating with team members, even the smallest changes can result in ugly problems. (http://work911.com/articles/comchan.htm). Through words, actions, body language, voice tone, and other processes you send many messages about yourself, the changes, and your organization. This constitutes precisely one-half of the communication process. TheShow MoreRelatedMy Leadership Style Of Leadership1377 Words   |  6 PagesWhen this class started I had really never given much thought to my leadership style. What I have discovered is that I have the ability to be a good leader. As I completed the questionnaires and first review the results, I was somewhat surprised by what my strengths and weaknesses were and how I would be as a leader. Being at the end of this course, I can visualize myself as a leader now that I know I have good leader qualities. 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Just in Time Approach in Inventory Management Free Essays

2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd JUST IN TIME APPROACH IN INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Abdul Talib Bon (Corresponding author) Faculty of Technology Management, Business and Entrepreneurship Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia Tel: +60127665756 E-mail: talibon@gmail. com Anny Garai Faculty of Technology Management, Business and Entrepreneurship Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia Tel: +60137016298 E-mail: anniegarai_87@yahoo. com. We will write a custom essay sample on Just in Time Approach in Inventory Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now y Abstract Quality improvement and costs control are vital to organizations for work performance enhancement and fulfilling customers’ requirement. Inventories that are stored in large amount of quantities will result in waste and space usage. One effective solution is using Just in Time (JIT) concept as a method to reduce costs, improve quality and meet the ever-changing customer needs. The adoption of Just in Time (JIT) concepts seems to be the most effective way to overcome these circumstances. JIT is management philosophy that emphasizes on eliminating waste and increase productivity. The main purpose of this research is to find out whether the implementation of JIT would reduce the inventories at Electronics component industry especially at the parts producing stamping of FCM. This research is done by case study. Therefore the data collection would be using secondary data which is the documentation from FCM itself and also via observation. The data were analyzed by doing the comparison before and after the implementation of JIT using Microsoft words excel. From the analysis that had been done, the implementation of JIT had increased the inventories management at the stamping parts production. As the conclusion, the implementation of JIT in the inventory management at the parts production stamping at Electronics component industry had successfully reduce the inventories level while improving the inventory level. Keywords: Stamping Production, Just in Time, inventory management, electronics component industry. 1. Introduction Globalisation phenomena had created the business without boundaries. Most of the organisation nowadays only focuses in two main elements that can influence the global market, which is customer satisfaction and also the product and services quality. Organisation all around the world need to take the initiative to increase the product quality to satisfy the needs and customer demand that always change besides minimizing the production cost. This initiative is needed to keep the challenge at the market (Canel, et al. , 2000). One of the most effective solutions is with the application of Just in Time (JIT). Application of JIT could involve few important elements at organisation such as production level, marketing level, engineering level and purchasing level. The application of JIT more focuses on management process. Therefore, JIT can be applied at varying process. (Canel, et al. , 2000). JIT is the concept of management that invented specially to avoid waste. This is in order to minimize the waste and increase the productivity (Zhu and Meredith, 1995). JIT is one type of Lean Manufacturing (Yen, 2003). Lean manufacturing is the process to control the production which depends on the demand by the customers. It is also act to reduce waste. The application of Lean Manufacturing can reduce the stock, work space and the production of raw materials. This philosophy can maximize the production (Forza, 1996). At Malaysia context, application of JIT is not popular. According to Simpson, et al. , (1998), JIT had been applied by national automotive firm as a transitory JIT. Transitory of JIT is one of the ad hoc inventory models. This is can give half of the inventory in order to reduce the production 2562 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd cost beside can make the technology transfer at the international level. This research is made to study the application of Just in Time (JIT) in inventory management at stamping production at Electronics component industry. 1. Background of Study At FCM there is lot type of inventories and this requires a huge space to restore it. Therefore FCM need to prepare an enough space. How ever, this situation requires FCM to overcome the cost of restore. But this is not the really big issues to FCM. What really worries FCM management is the huge batch of inventories. The batch of inventories had caused FCM loss in profit because there is no moving out of the output to customer. Therefore the cases are also not only arises due to this problem. Besides that, in Japanese firm, the concept of keeping the inventory is a big waste in industry. Based on this problem, Heizer J. Render B. (2006), Just in Time (JIT) is the best strategy to increase the operation especially at the inventory management. However, if the raw material cannot be delivered during the production, there would be a big problem. 1. 2 Problem Statement This study is to elaborate the JIT application in inventory management at the stamping production at FCM. The problems that occur in this study are what is the importance of application of JIT in order to influence the inventory management at the stamping production at FCM? 1. Objective In this research, researcher has the stand to achieve the objective so that it could be archived. The objective is to study the application of Just in Time (JIT) in inventory management at Stamping Production at Electronics component industry. 1. 4 Scope Of Study The scope of study is focused at the stamping production at Electronics component industry. The main products of FCM are keyboard and relays. Respondents that invo lved are top management and the staff at stamping production of FCM. Data would be collected through qualitative method and be analysed quantitatively. From this study, the researcher hopes that can help Electronics component industry on the applications of JIT in their operation. The researcher hopes that with this study, it can help Electronics component industry and academician which is up to the upcoming researchers. 2. Literature Review JIT is not the new concept in production sector (Stevenson, 2001). It started during 1920 and being used by Henry Ford at the automation industrial. JIT is one of the Lean Manufacturing that had been introduced by Toyota Motor Corporation to increase the work quality and production. The application of JIT in Lean Production will give good return in production process. These philosophies would make the production even faster and to reduce the inventories stock. 2. 1 Lean Production and Lean Manufacturing Lean Manufacturing first introduced as systematic ways to reduce or terminate the waste. It is the management philosophy that require commitment from responsible person that relate with reduced waste, make the work procedure become smooth and optimize the production (Chase, et al. , 2001). Lean Manufacturing firstly introduced by the Toyota Motor Corporation. Which is involved the inventory management, quality control, industrial relationship, 2563 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd employee management and relationship between factory and the suppliers (Bowen and Youngdahl, 1998). JIT is one of the elements in Lean Manufacturing meanwhile Lean Production is known as Big JIT. It is the philosophy of management operation that act to terminate the waste in every aspect in production such as industrial relationship, vendor relationship, technology, raw material management and inventories (Chase, et al. 2001). Lean Production can use to reduce time, inventories, space, employees and production cost. 2. 2 Just In Time (JIT) Usually, JIT process being implemented in the organisation that reached the highest application of JIT. Wagner M. S and Silveira- Camargos V , 2009). This is because organisation and the supplier should have a good relationship and believe because when there is demand from factory, the suppliers can supply them on time. The first way to implement JIT is build a good relationship with the suppliers, customers and also sub-contractor to reduce inventory â€Å"buffer† to few hours. According to Canel, et al. , (2000), JIT aims is to reduce time waiting during production process. Therefore, the cost of inventories not only can be minimized but also the time for the production also shortens. JIT concept is not saying about the standardisation or the way of managing but it really focusing on the zero inventories 2. 3 Benefits of Application of Just In Time in Lean Production The application of JIT would give a lot of benefits such as to the producer to increase the quality to fulfil the customer demands and reduce the inventories and built a good relationship with the supplier (Salaheldin, 2005). Positive of JIT application can successfully give benefit to three communities, which is supplier only, purchased only or both. The benefits are, reducing in inventories and time waiting for the inventories, increase the quality and technical support, increase productivity, reduce waste and machine maintenance (Wafa, et al. , 1996). JIT actually help to reduce machine maintenance and at the same time, to make sure the suppliers can produce the inventories on time (Yasin, et al. , 2001). According to Yasin, et al. 2002), the big problem of JIT application is employer issues and the suppliers. Employer issue is about the objection of JIT concept, less supportive of JIT and less of employees. 3. Methodology This study is using action research that is descriptive and makes the research by quantitative. In this study, researcher would use observation and data collection from the result of the observation. 4. Data Analysis 4. 1 Introduction This chapter would discuss and analysis the data that had been collected from FCM. There are four different data that had been provided by the researcher according to the case. For the first case, the researcher would get the standard time during the raw material collected from the rack and the replace at the turn table using forklift. The second case is the machine die setup. Meanwhile the third case is standard time for winding process. The time is counted during the winding process and the material place at the stand before and after the winding process. For the last case, is during packing and deliver the part to the warehouse. This chapter also would discuss about type of test and analysis to the case to make sure that the data is valid and researcher can get a clear vision about the elements of Just in Time (JIT) being implemented by the FCM. 2564 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd 4. 2 Results of Study In this study, researcher would discuss the results that researcher gets from the study. All the data that had been collected by the researcher would be divided according to the case and according to the flow chart of stamping production refer to Figure 1. Figure 1 shows Standard Time (ST) and Cycle Time (CT) according to the cases that had been studied. ST = 10. 8 min CT = 10 times ST = 480 min ST = 5. 37 min ST = 17 min KES 1 KES 2 KES 3 KES 4 Raw Material Stamping Process Winding Packing Warehouse Figure 1: Stamping Flow Chart 4. 2. 1 Analysis of Case 1 This section would show the data collected from case 1 for the application before and after the part production stamping. In this case 1 (refer Figure 2) the standard time would be the counting from the raw materials from the racks to the turntable using forklift and then the return back of the forklift to the place. Refer from Figure 3 as shown the graphs for before and after the applications of JIT for case 1. ST/CT Raw Material Stamping Process Figure 2: Case 1 2565 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd Figure 3: Graph Before and After Application of JIT (Case 1) 4. 2. 2 Analysis of Case 2 For case 2, (refer Figure 4) is to reduce the standard time that is using for die setup. Figure 5 showed the graph before and after application of JIT. . ST Stamping Process Figure 4: Case 2 Winding 2566 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING d nd Figure 5: Graph Before and After Application of JIT (Case 2) 4. 2. 3 Analysis Case 3 For case 3, (refer Figure 6) is to reduce standard time for winding process. Figure 7show before and after application of JIT for Case 3. ST Winding Figure 6: Case 3 Packing 2567 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd Figure 7: Graph Before and After Application of JIT (Case 3) 4. 2. 4 Analysis Case 4 For case 4, (refer Figure 8) is to reduce standard time during packing and deliver to warehouse. Figure 9 show the application of JIT before and after. ST Packing Figure 8: Case 4 Warehouse 2568 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd Figure 9: Graph Before and After Application JIT (Case 4) 5. Conclusion The purpose of this study is to make sure the application of concept Just In Time (JIT) at Electronics component industry especially at the stamping production. This chapter would discuss about the results of the analysis according to the objective and problem statement. The discussion would focus in certain case at stamping production depend of the results that analyze from before and after the application of JIT. Besides that, this chapter also would discuss the suggestion. After the analysis, application JIT in inventory management at stamping production is depend on the activities below: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) Raw material always in enough quantities. Work in process always at the minimum quantities. Finished good would directly deliver to buyers. Wasting work in process seldom occur. Buffer stocks always at the minimum quantity. Delivering raw material depends on demand only. Space for inventories is small. Time table scheduling is made by the suppliers. Delivering materials is more often and only at small size. 2569 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd (x) (xi) (xii) Long term relationship is built between suppliers. Suppliers is advised to use the application of Just in Time (JIT) , and The employers should give the commitment on inventories and quality. Besides that, researcher has little suggestion to the upcoming interested researchers with the concept of Just in Time. The suggestions are: (i) this research only limited at one factory which is Electronics component industry. The next researcher should broaden their scope of study; (ii) Future study on the application of JIT concept especially in the purchasing and engineering level; and further study about the elements associated with JIT. References Bowen, D. E. Youngdahl, W. E. (1998). Lean Service: In Defence of A Production-Line Approach. International Journal of Service Industry Management. 9(3). 207-225. Canel, C. , et al. (2000). Just-in-time Is Not Just for Manufacturing: A Service Perspective. Industrial Management and Data System. 100(2). 51-60 Chase R. B. , et al. (2001). Operations Management for Competitive Advantage. th ed. N. Y. : McGraw-Hill. 394-417. Forza, C. (1996). Work Organization in Lean Production and Traditional Plants: What Are the differences?. International Journal of Operation and Production Management. 16(2). 42-62. Salaheldin, S. I. (2005). JIT Implementation in Egptian Manufacturing Firms: Some Emperical Evidence. International Journal of Operation and Production Manageme nt. 25(4). 354-370. Simpson, M. , et al. (1998). Case Study: Transitory JIT as Proton Cars, Distribution and Logistics Management. 28(2). 121-142. Malaysia. International Journal of Physical Stevenson, G. (2001). Just-in-time: The Reincarnation of Past Theory and Practice. Management Decision. 39(10). 866-879. Wafa, M. A. , et al. (1996). The Impact of Supplier Proximity on JIT Success: An Information Perspective. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management. 26(4). 23-34. Yasin, M. Y. , et al. (2001). Just-in-time Implementation in the Public Sector. International Journal of Operation and Production Management. 21(9). 1195-1204 Zhu, Z. Meredith, P. H. (1995). Defining Critical Elements in JIT Implementation: A Survey. Industrial Management and Data System. 95(8). 21-28. 2570 How to cite Just in Time Approach in Inventory Management, Essay examples

Petroleum Contracts and Economics

Question: Discuss about the Petroleum Contracts and Economics. Answer: Ghana is a fastest moving growing economy in Sub-Sahara Africa due to its rising gas and oil industry. The earning from the gas and oil industry depends on the type of fiscal regime government operates. The revenue earned from hydrocarbon exploitation largely depends on the fiscal regime characteristics of a country (Mofep.gov.gh 2016). The fiscal regime of petroleum refers to the contractual framework and fiscal instruments that explains the countrys wealth share obtained from the production of petroleum through a number of instruments, like, profit oil, royalties, bonuses, taxes and government participating interest. According to Elmas and Songur (2016), several factors are considered while designing the fiscal regime, out of which, the key factor is the development of the countrys petroleum industry. The countries with developed oil producers gives higher share to government through the fiscal regime compared to the countries where there are few discoveries and where there are sti ll few investments. Further, fiscal regimes are influenced by geological condition of the area and the contractual policy framework that governs the activities of petroleum industry. As opined by Loloh (2012), the strategies that can be chosen to frame the petroleum production policy framework are first as Go-it-alone strategy where the state itself produce through a national oil company, like in Saudi Arabia. Second, the state gives private ownership and the oil companies have full control over their operations, like in OECD countries.Third, a partnership between the state and private players to undertake production which is generally adopted by non-OECD oil producing countries, for example, Ghana government policy follows this option. The different types of world fiscal arrangements are discussed here. In case of go-it-alone strategy, the state undertakes all the risk of production and exploration. The entire profit is accrued to the state without any requirement of fiscal regime as there are no private companies. According to Mittnik and Semmler (2012), in case of total private control, the risk of production and exploration are bear by them and the state take can be through different mixture of income tax, lease sales and special petroleum tax and royalties through concessionary royalty or tax system. In case of partnership between the state and private players the degree of risk of development, production and exploration are shared by them through a Production Sharing Contract (PSC) or Risk Service Contract (RSC). IN PSC, the ownership is with the State and the private companies are contracted to develop and extract resource in return for a share of production. Each takes the share after meeting the cost. As opined by Owusu and Waylen (2012), in RSC, the private companies are given a fee for the service which can be either in monetary terms or in kinds by the government to undertake the operations of petroleum. The fee can be fixed or linked to the profit. Ghana oil and gas industry follows a partnership between the state and the private players and so the most appropriate type of fiscal regime will be Production Sharing Contract or Risk Service Contract. More appropriate will be PSC that will develop the contractual agreement in the upstream petroleum industry. According to Burger and Marinkov (2012), the Petroleum Exploration and Production Law explain the terms and condition of fiscal regime. The points that should be considered in fiscal regime are given below: The percentage of royalty on the total crude oil production should vary in different blocks and should not be fixed. The interest received by the State on the contract area should be fixed and not to be exceeded beyond 10% as the risk of exploration and production is totally borne by the private companies. If the State desires to earn additional interest then they need to take the responsibility of cost during the production and development stage which varies for different contracts. As per the opinion of Kankam and Ackah (2014), the petroleum income tax should be decided based on the contracts and need to be lower than the corporate profit tax rate. However, by default the Petroleum Income Tax Law sets it at 50%, which need to be modified according to the contracts. The government can be entitled to get additional payment if the returns on projects are more than expected. Government can put other taxes and fees like surface rental fees and withholding taxes on subcontractors. The rules for cost containment, cost recovery and deduction should be clearly mentioned in the fiscal regime and can be changed according to the changes in the cost structure. The petroleum agreement needs to provide some protection to the companies in case of changes in the tax regime so that they are stabilised in their operation. As the contractors make all the arrangement for raising funds for exploration and production, the State should provide some assistance in terms of subsidised interest rates. According to Bellorin (2012), the key features of a fiscal regime that is important to the investors and government are stability, progressivity, flexibility and neutrality. The oil price being highly volatile, the contractors need the stability clause of the regime to be properly designed by giving importance to freezing clause and equilibrium clause. The freezing clause removes arbitrary changes in fiscal regime and equilibrium clause helps to reduce the shock of price changes. Two sections of stability provisions of Ghanas Model Petroleum Agreement states that: Article 12.2 with respect to income tax states: Where a new income tax rate comes into force Contractor shall have the option of either applying the new income tax rate or remaining under the Petroleum Income Tax Law.Article 12.11 also states: Should the fiscal authority involved determine that the Petroleum Income Tax Law does not impose a creditable tax, the parties agree to negotiate in good faith with a view to establishing a credible tax on the precondition that no adverse effect should occur to the economic rights of the State (Ankamah, 2012). According to Amponsah and Dartey (2012), flexibility and neutrality of fiscal regime helps the contractors to gain confidence and continuing investment in the gas field. Risk sharing is another part that needs to be handling properly. The risk is at every level, production; exploration and price .The production level risk need to be shared by the government and private players to reduce the cost risk and by providing cost recovery allowances. Further, Makkam (2014), cited that Steps should be taken to state clearly the rules for transfer pricing. It plays an important role in managing risk from volatility of prices. Further, the Additional Oil Entitlement (AOE) should tie to profitability if it is to help to make the tax system progressive and ideal The government of Ghana revenue from petroleum sector is shown in the statistics below for the period 2011 to 2013 budget Taxes 2011 2012 2013 Consumer taxes -- -- -- Petroleum tax 146 181 218.50 Producer taxes -- -- -- Oil royalties 63.4 90.6 92.1 Surface rentals -- 0.3 0.3 Income tax -- -- 35.8 Government of Ghana carried and participatory interest 165.8 234.5 238.5 Table 1: Government revenue from Petroleum sector, 2011-13 (Source: Mofep.gov.gh 2016) The table 1 shows the revenue generated by the petroleum sector for the government in 2011-13. It has increased over the period with prudent fiscal regime. However, the corporate profit level should be also taken care off in the development of future fiscal regime and some flexibility in the tax structure should be implemented. The paper thus discusses the formation of the future fiscal regime that maximises the revenue of the corporate and the government uniformly. References Amponsah-Tawiah, K. and Dartey-Baah, K. (2012). Towards an Accident Free Energy Regime in Ghana. IBR, 5(11). Ankamah, S. (2012). The Politics of Fiscal Decentralization in Ghana: An Overview of the Fundamentals. PAR, 1(1). Bellorin Nunez, C. (2012). Colombia's regulatory and fiscal hydrocarbons regime: explaining Colombia's success and the challenges ahead. The Journal of World Energy Law Business, 5(3), pp.248-260. Burger, P. and Marinkov, M. (2012). Fiscal rules and regime-dependent fiscal reaction functions. OECD Journal on Budgeting, 12(1), pp.1-29. Elmas, F. and Songur, M. (2016). Ricardian Fiscal Regime and Fiscal Theory of the Price Level: The European Monetary System. Ekonomik Yaklasim, 27(98), p.203. Kankam, D. and Ackah, I., 2014. The Optimal Petroleum Fiscal Regime for Ghana: An Analysis of Available Alternatives. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(3), p.400. Loloh, F. (2012). Ghana: Fiscal Policy Responsiveness, Persistence and Discretion. SSRN Electronic Journal. Mittnik, S. and Semmler, W. (2012). Regime dependence of the fiscal multiplier. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 83(3), pp.502-522. Mofep.gov.gh. (2016). Ministry of Finance - Government of Ghana. [online] Available at: https://www.mofep.gov.gh/ [Accessed 12 Jul. 2016]. Owusu, K. and Waylen, P. (2012). Identification of historic shifts in daily rainfall regime, Wenchi, Ghana. Climatic Change.